High-speed readout of high-Z pixel detectors with the LAMBDA detector

Pennicard, David; Sheviakov, I.; Xia, Q.; Rothkirch, André; Yu, Yingda; Struth, Bernd; Hirsemann, H.; Graafsma, H.

doi:10.1088/1748-0221/9/12/c12014

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…The different imaging techniques were performed at a photon energy of 11 keV, monochromatized by a channel-cut Si-111 monochromator. A Si-based LAMBDA 750k single-photoncounting detector with a pixel size of 55 mm Â 55 mm was used (Pennicard et al, 2013(Pennicard et al, , 2014a. The detector area consists of 12 individual chips of 256 Â 256 pixels, arranged on a 2 Â 6 grid.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In comparison, CMOS cameras have a PSF of 2 to 3 pixels, limiting the spatial resolution. Among the commercially available single-photon-counting detectors, the X-Spectrum LAMBDA detector (Pennicard et al, 2013(Pennicard et al, , 2014a based on the MEDIPIX3 sensor (Ballabriga et al, 2013;Manolopoulos et al, 1999) currently offers the smallest pixel size (55 mm) and has been used for imaging techniques such as far-field ptychography (Wilke et al, 2014). Other single-photon-counting detectors with larger pixel size are also used for imaging, e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hard X-ray full-field nanoimaging using a direct photon-counting detector

Flenner¹,

Hagemann²,

Wittwer³

et al. 2023

J Synchrotron Rad

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Full-field X-ray nanoimaging is a widely used tool in a broad range of scientific areas. In particular, for low-absorbing biological or medical samples, phase contrast methods have to be considered. Three well established phase contrast methods at the nanoscale are transmission X-ray microscopy with Zernike phase contrast, near-field holography and near-field ptychography. The high spatial resolution, however, often comes with the drawback of a lower signal-to-noise ratio and significantly longer scan times, compared with microimaging. In order to tackle these challenges a single-photon-counting detector has been implemented at the nanoimaging endstation of the beamline P05 at PETRA III (DESY, Hamburg) operated by Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon. Thanks to the long sample-to-detector distance available, spatial resolutions of below 100 nm were reached in all three presented nanoimaging techniques. This work shows that a single-photon-counting detector in combination with a long sample-to-detector distance allows one to increase the time resolution for in situ nanoimaging, while keeping a high signal-to-noise level.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hard X-ray full-field nanoimaging using a direct photon-counting detector

Flenner¹,

Hagemann²,

Wittwer³

et al. 2023

J Synchrotron Rad

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show abstract

“…The high data rate of the LAMBDA detector (up to 20 Gigabits/s per module [14]) means that more than one PC is required to receive data from the detector when 3 or more modules are operated. So, to run the detector it is necessary to run DAQ software on multiple PCs in a synchronised way.…”

Section: Detector Control and Softwarementioning

confidence: 99%

LAMBDA 2M GaAs—A multi-megapixel hard X-ray detector for synchrotrons

et al. 2018

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Synchrotrons can provide very intense and focused X-ray beams, which can be used to study the structure of matter down to the atomic scale. In many experiments, the quality of the results depends strongly on detector performance; in particular, experiments studying dynamics of samples require fast, sensitive X-ray detectors. “LAMBDA” is a photon-counting hybrid pixel detector system for experiments at synchrotrons, based on the Medipix3 readout chip. Its main features are a combination of comparatively small pixel size (55 μm), high readout speed at up to 2000 frames per second with no time gap between images, a large tileable module design, and compatibility with high-Z sensors for efficient detection of higher X-ray energies. A large LAMBDA system for hard X-ray detection has been built using Cr-compensated GaAs as a sensor material. The system is composed of 6 GaAs tiles, each of 768 by 512 pixels, giving a system with approximately 2 megapixels and an area of 8.5 by 8.5 cm2. While the sensor uniformity of GaAs is not as high as that of silicon, its behaviour is stable over time, and it is possible to correct nonuniformities effectively by postprocessing of images. By using multiple 10 Gigabit Ethernet data links, the system can be read out at the full speed of 2000 frames per second. The system has been used in hard X-ray diffraction experiments studying the structure of samples under extreme pressure in diamond anvil cells. These experiments can provide insight into geological processes. Thanks to the combination of high speed readout, large area and high sensitivity to hard X-rays, it is possible to obtain previously unattainable information in these experiments about atomic-scale structure on a millisecond timescale during rapid changes of pressure or temperature.

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Characterization of chromium compensated GaAs as an X-ray sensor material for charge-integrating pixel array detectors

et al. 2018

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A: We studied the properties of chromium compensated GaAs when coupled to charge integrating ASICs as a function of detector temperature, applied bias and x-ray tube energy. The material is a photoresistor and can be biased to collect either electrons or holes by the pixel circuitry. Both are studied here. Previous studies have shown substantial hole trapping. This trapping and other sensor properties give rise to several non-ideal effects which include an extended point spread function, variations in the effective pixel size, and rate dependent offset shifts. The magnitude of these effects varies with temperature and bias, mandating good temperature uniformity in the sensor and very good temperature stabilization, as well as a carefully selected bias voltage.

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High-speed readout of high-Z pixel detectors with the LAMBDA detector

Cited by 5 publications

References 5 publications

Hard X-ray full-field nanoimaging using a direct photon-counting detector

Hard X-ray full-field nanoimaging using a direct photon-counting detector

LAMBDA 2M GaAs—A multi-megapixel hard X-ray detector for synchrotrons

Characterization of chromium compensated GaAs as an X-ray sensor material for charge-integrating pixel array detectors

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