High-tech ceramics

Sanders, Howard J.

doi:10.1021/cen-v062n028.p026

Cited by 111 publications

(18 citation statements)

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“…Objects which are produced by mixtures of a ceramic material (eg, chromium carbide, titanium carbide, titanium nitride, or a metal oxide) and metals (nickel-chromium, cobalt-chromium, nickelmolybdenum) are called cermets or metal-matrix composites, depending on the amount of metal in the product (10). In these products, the high-temperature resistance of the ceramics is combined with the highfracture resistance of the metals .…”

Section: General Aspectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Other types of ceramics have unique electrical or optical properties, and some are used as surgical implants (bioceramics). Electrical ceramics include passive materials such as alumina and silicon dioxide, but also more active compounds which are used in pressure transducers and solar cells (10,18,19,20). Ceramic powders, which constitute the raw materials, are produced by grounding or milling or by chemical methods (gel-sol processing), in which the particles are formed by polymerization.…”

Section: General Aspectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ceramic powders, which constitute the raw materials, are produced by grounding or milling or by chemical methods (gel-sol processing), in which the particles are formed by polymerization. Gel-sol processing results in homogeneous particles with sizes in the submicron range (10,21).…”

Section: General Aspectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ceramic fibers can be classified into two groups, oxide fibers , which include alumina, zirconia , and chemically modified alumina-silica fibers, and nonoxide fibers such as silicon carbide, silicon nitride, and boron nitride. The diameter of the fibers range from 1 11m to about 10 11m, but whiskers are usually somewhat thinner (10). The fibers are commercially available in bulk material or come as blankets or felts.…”

Section: Hazardsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Toxicology and occupational hazards of new materials and processes in metal surface treatment, powder metallurgy, technical ceramics, and fiber-reinforced plastics.

Midtgard

Je²

1991

Scand J Work Environ Health

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MIDTOARD U, JELNES JE . Toxicology and occupat ional hazards of new materials and processes in metal surface treatment, powder metallurgy, technical ceramics, and fiber-reinforced plastics. Scand J Work En viron Health 1991;17:369-79. Many new materials and processes are about to find their way from the research laboratory into industry. The present paper describes some of these processes and provides an overviewof possible occupational hazards and a list of chemicals used or produced in the processes. The technological areas that are considered are metal surface treatme nt (ion implantation, physical and chemical vapor deposition, plasma spraying), powder metallurgy, advanced technical ceramics, and fiberreinforced plastics.Key terms: carbides, chemical vapor deposition, fibers, high-tech ceramics, ion implantation, nitrides, oxides, physical vapor deposition, plasma spray.Technological advancement implies that new processes and materials are constantly being developed. This development involves several industries and scientific disciplines, and the research is often carried out as part of governmental programs. For example, some of the Nordic countries have encouraged research and development in new material technologies by allocating large sums of money for this field. As a result of such programs, several new technological processes are about to find their way from the research laboratory into more general use in industry.It is the purpose of the present paper to pro vide an overview of the different kinds of materials and potential workplace hazards associated with some technologies which are more or less new . The technologies that are considered in this report are metal surface treatment, powder metallurgy, advanced technical ceramics, and fiber-reinforced plastics. These areas were chosen since they are about to have a major industrial breakthrough in the Nordic countries.As an initial step in identifying the chemicals used or produced in the various processes and their potential workplace hazards, we have consulted handbooks, information booklets, and research proposals from various technology centers. Information has also been gathered from meetings and visits to some of the research centers.In being engaged at an earl y stage, it is our hope that new hazards are foreseen so that serious occupa- New materialsVery often new processes and materials are introduced into the workplace before their impact on industrial hygiene is fully understood (I). In fact , scientists are able to create new materials and new chemicals at a much faster rate than the toxicologist can evaluate them . Consequently, many of the substances currently handled or produced in industrial processes are toxicologically unknown. This problem may be of limited concern to designers and research scientists, who are generally not subjected to serious or long-term exposure to hazardous agents. However, in large-scale industrial applications the risk of long-term exposure, and accidental overexposure, is ever present. Therefore, protection...

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Section: General Aspectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: General Aspectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: General Aspectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Hazardsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Toxicology and occupational hazards of new materials and processes in metal surface treatment, powder metallurgy, technical ceramics, and fiber-reinforced plastics.

Midtgard

Je²

1991

Scand J Work Environ Health

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“…The picture changed again in the 1980's when ceramics as potential replacement materials for metals and metallic alloys in many applications and also as "high technology" materials with completely new applications began to attract worldwide attention [6). While much effort was and still is devoted to improving the reliability of ceramic components made from oxide and nonoxide ceramics by innovations in ceramics processing, it was the development of composites that has driven ceramics technology to new levels [7].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis and Useful Reactions of Organosilicon Polymeric Precursors for Ceramics

et al. 1991

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Inorganic and organometallic polymers are macromolecular systems in which the polymer backbone contains elements other than the carbon, oxygen and nitrogen usually found in organic polymers [1]. To take as an example silicon-containing polymers, in the silicones the polymer backbone is composed of the Si-O repeat unit; in polysilazanes, of the Si-N unit; in polysilmethylenes, of the Si-C unit. In the polysilanes there are only silicon atoms in the polymer backbone. Many of the other metalloids and metals among the elements in the Periodic Table have been or, in principle, can be incorporated into polymeric systems, so it is clear that the field of inorganic and organometallic polymers is a very large one. Inorganic and organometallic polymers have been of interest to chemists for a long time. It was the commercial development of the silicones in the 1940's that gave this field of research its modem impetus [2]. Once it was appreciated how useful these versatile organosilicon polymers could be, chemists became interested in the possibility of developing other organometallic (and also inorganic) polymers, ones that might complement or even surpass the silicones as far as useful applications were concerned. Research on inorganic and organometallic polymers became very active in the 1950's and 1960's. Work in this area became an international effort, prompted by the need for new materials that would meet the exacting demands of the jet age that had effectively commenced around the end of World War II. Even greater demands, in terms of materials that would still be useful under extreme conditions, came with the space age.

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Design of tubular flow reactors for monodisperse aerosol production

Kodas¹,

Friedlander²

1988

AIChE Journal

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Design equations are derived for calculating the properties of an aerosol generated in a tubular flow reactor operated at a constant rate of formation of condensable monomer. These equations lead to a set of characteristic dimensionless groups. Independently, it is shown that nearly monodisperse aerosols can be generated by: (1) separating particle formation and growth processes, (2) operating with a narrow residence time distribution, and (3) minimizing monomer concentration gradients. These criteria can be used in solving the design equations over ranges of the dimensionless groups suitable for monodisperse aerosol production. In general, high rates of monomer formation are desirable, subject to the desired particle size and concentration, but an upper bound may result from coagulation.

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High-tech ceramics

Cited by 111 publications

References 0 publications

Toxicology and occupational hazards of new materials and processes in metal surface treatment, powder metallurgy, technical ceramics, and fiber-reinforced plastics.

Toxicology and occupational hazards of new materials and processes in metal surface treatment, powder metallurgy, technical ceramics, and fiber-reinforced plastics.

Synthesis and Useful Reactions of Organosilicon Polymeric Precursors for Ceramics

Design of tubular flow reactors for monodisperse aerosol production

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