High Temperature and Elevated Carbon Dioxide Modify Berry Composition of Different Clones of Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) cv. Tempranillo

Abstract

Tempranillo is a grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) variety extensively used for world wine production which is expected to be affected by environmental parameters modified by ongoing global climate changes, i.e., increases in average air temperature and rise of atmospheric CO2 levels. Apart from determining their effects on grape development and biochemical characteristics, this paper considers the intravarietal diversity of the cultivar Tempranillo as a tool to develop future adaptive strategies to face the impact of climate change on grapevine. Fruit-bearing cuttings of five clones (RJ43, CL306, T3, VN31, and 1084) were grown in temperature gradient greenhouses (TGGs), from fruit set to maturity, under two temperature regimes (ambient temperature vs. ambient temperature plus 4°C) and two CO2 levels (ambient, ca. 400 ppm, vs. elevated, 700 ppm). Treatments were applied separately or in combination. The analyses carried out included berry phenological development, the evolution in the concentration of must compounds (organic acids, sugars, and amino acids), and total skin anthocyanins. Elevated temperature hastened berry ripening, sugar accumulation, and malic acid breakdown, especially when combined with high CO2. Climate change conditions reduced the amino acid content 2 weeks after mid-veraison and seemed to delay amino acidic maturity. Elevated CO2 reduced the decoupling effect of temperature on the anthocyanin to sugar ratio. The impact of these factors, taken individually or combined, was dependent on the clone analyzed, thus indicating certain intravarietal variability in the response of Tempranillo to these climate change-related factors.

Grape Berry Secondary Metabolites and Their Modulation by Abiotic Factors in a Climate Change Scenario–A Review

“…Moreover, field data on the impact of increased atmospheric CO 2 concentration on berry metabolism are scarce and need to be further investigated, in particular in combination with different abiotic stresses such as increased temperature and drought. Though difficult to conduct in field conditions and so far only carried out on fruiting cuttings (Salazar-Parra et al, 2012 ; Kizildeniz et al, 2015 ; Martinez-Luscher et al, 2015 ; Arrizabalaga-Arriazu et al, 2020a , b ) such multi-stress experiments will improve understanding of how climate change will impact vine and berry physiology, and will help develop mitigation strategies.…”

“…In multistress experiments with Temperanillo fruiting cuttings where future temperature (+4°C) and CO 2 (700 ppm) conditions where simulated, high CO 2 in particular when combined with high temperature hastened berry ripening, sugar accumulation, malic acid respiration and reduced the aforementioned high temperature induced anthocyanin–sugar decoupling (Arrizabalaga-Arriazu et al, 2020a ).…”

The Exploitation of Local Vitis vinifera L. Biodiversity as a Valuable Tool to Cope with Climate Change Maintaining Berry Quality

“…A growing body of evidence shows that grapevine phenology is hastened by elevated temperatures [ 12 , 13 , 38 ] and high atmospheric CO 2 concentration [ 13 , 39 ]. Warmer temperature joint to elevated CO 2 concentrations also produced, in general, a faster grapevine development but the effect had different intensity depending on the commercial clone tested [ 39 , 40 , 41 ]. By contrast, in our study, the ECET treatment did not modify the length of phenological phases in the genotypes from old varieties tested being.…”

“…Thereby, it was reported that high temperatures produced malate losses in commercial varieties as Shiraz [ 15 ], Cabernet Sauvignon, Chardonnay [ 14 ], and Tempranillo [ 29 ]. In addition, studies in which the elevated CO 2 was combined with high temperature have reported decreases of malic acid in different commercial clones of Tempranillo [ 39 , 41 ]. Our results partially agree with those described in commercial varieties because some old genotypes (TEMP, TV, and GRA63) also experienced significant decreases of titratable acidity in response to ECET treatment ( Figure 2 ).…”

Molecular Tools for Adapting Viticulture to Climate Change

“…Last, but not least, to the best of our knowledge, all transcriptomic studies published so far on grapevine deal with the response to one single abiotic factor, often applied in controlled or semi-controlled conditions. This is in contradiction with the fact that in the frame of the ongoing global climate change, several abiotic factors will be affected and will most certainly interact to affect grapevine physiology and grape ripening, as evidenced for UV-B and drought ( Martinez-Lüscher et al, 2014 ; Martinez-Luscher et al, 2015a ), water availability and elevated temperature ( Zarrouk et al, 2016 ), UV-B, temperature and ambient CO 2 levels ( Martinez-Luscher et al, 2015b ; Martinez-Lüscher et al, 2016 ; Arrizabalaga-Arriazu et al, 2020 ). Future transcriptomic studies aiming to provide relevant molecular data to breed new cultivars better adapted to future climatic conditions will have to integrate stress combinations in their experimental design.…”