A new version of the grapevine reference genome assembly (12X.v2) and of its annotation (VCost.v3

To cite this version:Eric Duchêne, Christophe Schneider. Grapevine and climatic changes: a glance at the situation in Alsace. Abstract -The analysis of meteorological data recorded since 1972 at the INRA Station in Colmar (Alsace, France) reveals a significant increase in temperatures. Phenological data recorded on INRA grapevine collections over the same period show that the period between budburst and harvest has become both earlier and shorter. A comparison of climatic and phenological data shows that ripening is occuring under increasingly warm conditions. The climatic water demand after flowering tends to increase and, as there is no clear evidence for a change in rainfall, the risks associated with dry summers are likely to increase in the future. Quantified data on climate evolution, development stages and bioclimatic indices during the main development phases are presented and discussed.Vitis vinifera / climate change / development stages / Alsace

Climate change will impose increasingly warm and dry conditions on vineyards. Wine quality and yield are strongly influenced by climatic conditions and depend on complex interactions between temperatures, water availability, plant material, and viticultural techniques. In established winegrowing regions, growers have optimized yield and quality by choosing plant material and viticultural techniques according to local climatic conditions, but as the climate changes, these will need to be adjusted. Adaptations to higher temperatures include changing plant material (e.g., rootstocks, cultivars and clones) and modifying viticultural techniques (e.g., changing trunk height, leaf area to fruit weight ratio, timing of pruning) such that harvest dates are maintained in the optimal period at the end of September or early October in the Northern Hemisphere. Vineyards can be made more resilient to drought by planting drought resistant plant material, modifying training systems (e.g., goblet bush vines, or trellised vineyards at wider row spacing), or selecting soils with greater soil water holding capacity. While most vineyards in Europe are currently dry-farmed, irrigation may also be an option to grow sustainable yields under increasingly dry conditions but consideration must be given to associated impacts on water resources and the environment.

Climate change is expected to advance grapevine phenological stages. After the calibration and the validation of a degree-days model, we were able to accurately simulate dates of budbreak, flowering and véraison for Riesling and Gewurztraminer, 2 winegrape varieties grown in Alsace, France. Projected daily temperatures were calculated for the local meteorological station with the ARPEGE-Climat general circulation model using 3 distinct greenhouse gas emissions scenarios. Compared with its timing in 1976-2008, véraison is predicted to advance by up to 23 d and mean temperatures during the 35 d following véraison are projected to increase by more than 7°C by the end of the 21st century for both varieties. Such changes will likely have a significant impact on grape and wine quality. Using the same framework, the genetic variability of phenological parameters was explored with 120 genotypes of progeny from a Riesling × Gewurztraminer cross, along with 14 European varieties. In addition, we created a virtual late ripening genotype, derived from a cross between Riesling and Gewurztraminer. This modelled genotype was projected to undergo véraison 2 to 3 d before Muscat of Alexandria, one of the latest ripening varieties studied. Even with this virtual genotype, or with Muscat of Alexandria, grapes would ripen by the middle of the 21st century under higher temperatures than in the present years. This study highlights the important changes that viticulture will likely face in a future warmer climate and emphasises the need to create very late ripening genotypes or genotypes able to produce high quality wines under elevated temperatures. KEY WORDS: Grapevine · Climatic change · Phenology · Temperature · Genetic variabilityResale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisher Clim Res 41: 193-204, 2010 direct experimental data, this is certainly true for terpenols, the molecules responsible for floral aromas (Bureau et al. 2000). The idea that increasing temperatures can lower the quality of grapes and wines is widely accepted (Jackson & Lombard 1993, Jones et al. 2005.Possible responses towards the projected future warming in vineyards include (1) accepting changes in the typicity of wines and altering production accordingly, going as far as producing red wines or dessert wines instead of white wines; (2) adapting varieties in order to maintain a constant typicity; and (3) moving grapevine cultivation to areas that are presently cooler (e.g. higher elevations).Alsace is a white-wine-producing region in northeastern France, and the evolution of phenological stages during the past decades and the consequences for grapevine physiology have been described (Duchêne & Schneider 2005). The next logical steps in this line of study are to assess the future climatic conditions in this region, to evaluate their impact on the currently cultivated varieties and to determine which varieties could be adapted in the future.Three main phenological stages can be used to describe the grapevine developme...

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