High temperature annealing of sprayed SnO2: F layers in a silicon solar cell process with screen-printed contacts

Tala-Ighil, R.; Boumaour, M.; Belkaid, Mohammed Saïd; Maallemi, A.; Melhani, K.; Iratni, A.

doi:10.1016/j.solmat.2005.11.002

Cited by 35 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Furthermore, the O 1s spectrum of undoped TiO 2 can be divided into three peaks (Figure f). The peak at 529.78 eV is assigned to lattice oxygen in this oxide, whereas the two peaks at 531.72 and 533.25 eV can be attributed to the surface hydroxyl group Ti–OH and chemisorbed H 2 O molecules. − However, for MTO-4 (Figure d), the binding energy of the lattice oxygen shifts to 530.08 eV due to the difference in the electronegativities of the two metal elements . This observation further confirms the formation of a Mo–O–Ti linkage in the Mo 6+ -doped TiO 2 nanoparticles.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 57%

Molybdenum-Doped Titanium Dioxide and Its Superior Lithium Storage Performance

et al. 2014

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Molybdenum-doped titanium dioxide obtained using a facile hydrothermal process delivers a high reversible capacity of 408 mA h g–1 at 60 mA g–1 after 200 cycles, which is more than twice of that of undoped TiO2. In addition, this material also exhibits a better rate capability. Structural and surface analyses indicate that doping with Mo6+ has significant effects on the transformation of brookite to anatase and on the electronic structure, thereby improving the electrical conductivity. Remarkably, Mo6+ doping also induces a substantial decrease in particle size and lattice distortion, which greatly ameliorates the lithium diffusion and enhances the interfacial lithium storage. In combination with the extra lithium storage capacity through the conversion reaction of Mo6+ with Li+, the electrochemical performance of molybdenum-doped titanium dioxide dramatically improves.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 57%

Molybdenum-Doped Titanium Dioxide and Its Superior Lithium Storage Performance

et al. 2014

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“…The large peak at 529.8 eV is assigned to lattice oxygen in this oxide phase, while the two peaks located at 531.6 and 532.6 eV could be attributed to Ti-OH (or CO 3 2-) and C-OH (or C-O-C) surface species, 66,67 respectively, owing to the residual surfactants on this sample. In sample c the characteristic peak at 530.8 eV is also assigned to lattice oxygen in SnO 2 , while the other two peaks positioned at 532.0 and 533.0 eV should be ascribed to surface hydroxyl groups Sn-OH and chemisorbed H 2 O molecules, 68 respectively. In the Sn-doped TiO 2 nanospheres (sample b), as expected, lattice oxygen from of the phase pure TiO 2 and SnO 2 is no longer observed, confirming that there is no separate simple oxides in this product.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Hollowing Sn-Doped TiO₂ Nanospheres via Ostwald Ripening

2007

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The well-known physical phenomenon Ostwald ripening in crystal growth has been widely employed in template-free fabrication of hollow inorganic nanostructures in recent years. Nevertheless, all reported works so far are limited only to stoichiometric phase-pure solids. In this work we describe the first investigation of doped (nonstoichiometric) materials using Ostwald ripening as a means of creating interior space. In particular, we chose the xSnO2-(1 - x)TiO2 binary system to establish preparative principles for this approach in synthesis of structurally and compositionally complex nanomaterials. In this study, uniform Sn-doped TiO2 nanospheres with hollow interiors in 100% morphological yield have been prepared with an aqueous inorganic route under hydrothermal conditions. Furthermore, our structural and surface analyses indicate that Sn4+ ions can be introduced linearly into TiO2, and preferred structural phase(s) can also be attained (e.g., either anatase or rutile, or their mixtures). Fluoride anions of starting reagents are adsorbed on the surface sites of oxygen. The resultant anion overlayer may contribute to stabilization of surface and creation of repulsive interaction among the freestanding nanospheres. On the basis of these findings, we demonstrate that Ostwald ripening can now be employed as a general hollowing approach to architect interior spaces for both simple and complex nanostructures.

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“…An analysis on the optical properties of the SnO 2 :F as reported by Iratni et al establishes the idea of the Fermi level shift during the sintering process, which translates into a loss in conductivity and hence, reducing the cell efficiency. 11 The sintering temperature for other important semiconductors employed in the DSSC manufacturing has also been investigated. High porosity ZnO nanocrystalline films can be produced at a sintering temperature of 200 °C, whereas a more compact film is obtained when sintering at 400 °C.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A spatially resolved study on the Sn diffusion during the sintering process in the active layer of dye sensitised solar cells

Andrei

O’Reilly

Zerulla

2010

Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys.

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Dye sensitised solar cells (DSSCs) use a mesoporous TiO 2 scaffold, typically assisted by an adsorbed dye, as the main active element, responsible for the photon absorption, exciton generation and charge separation functionality. The sintering process employed in the TiO 2 active layer fabrication plays a crucial role in the formation of the nanoparticle scaffold and hence the performance of a dye sensitised solar cell, as it allows the particles to form efficient inter-crystalline electric contacts to provide high electron conductivity. The sintering temperature, with typical values in the range of 450-600 °C, is of particular importance for the formation as it reduces the amount of unwanted organics between the individual crystallites and determines the formation of interfaces between the nanoparticles. Furthermore, the cell design requires a conductive transparent top electrode which is typically made of fluorinated tin oxide or indium tin oxide. Here we report on a highly spatially resolved scanning electron microscopy study including focussed ion beam (FIB) milling and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) mapping of the distribution of all relevant elements within a DSSC subsequent to a classical sintering process. We find that the above quoted temperatures cause the Sn of the transparent conductive oxide (TCO) to migrate into the TiO 2 scaffold, resulting in unwanted alterations in the composition of the complex scaffold which has a direct effect on the DSSC performance. One potential solution to this problem is the invention of novel concepts in the manufacturing of DSSCs using lower sintering temperatures.

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High temperature annealing of sprayed SnO2: F layers in a silicon solar cell process with screen-printed contacts

Cited by 35 publications

References 14 publications

Molybdenum-Doped Titanium Dioxide and Its Superior Lithium Storage Performance

Molybdenum-Doped Titanium Dioxide and Its Superior Lithium Storage Performance

Hollowing Sn-Doped TiO₂ Nanospheres via Ostwald Ripening

A spatially resolved study on the Sn diffusion during the sintering process in the active layer of dye sensitised solar cells

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High temperature annealing of sprayed SnO2: F layers in a silicon solar cell process with screen-printed contacts

Cited by 35 publications

References 14 publications

Molybdenum-Doped Titanium Dioxide and Its Superior Lithium Storage Performance

Molybdenum-Doped Titanium Dioxide and Its Superior Lithium Storage Performance

Hollowing Sn-Doped TiO2 Nanospheres via Ostwald Ripening

A spatially resolved study on the Sn diffusion during the sintering process in the active layer of dye sensitised solar cells

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Product

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Hollowing Sn-Doped TiO₂ Nanospheres via Ostwald Ripening