High-temperature corrosion due to lead chloride mixtures simulating fireside deposits in boilers firing recycled wood

Kinnunen, Hanna; Lindberg, Daniel; Laurén, Tor; Uusitalo, Mikko A.; Bankiewicz, Dorota; Enestam, Sonja; Yrjas, Patrik

doi:10.1016/j.fuproc.2017.07.017

Cited by 14 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Several compositions will form a melt within this temperature range. In particular it has been shown that 51.6 mol%KCl–32.9 mol%FeCl 2 –15.5 mol%PbCl 2 has a melting point of 312°C . The lower of the selected temperatures in this study was below the lowest calculated first melting temperature and the higher was above the highest calculated temperature.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 50%

“…However, the possible presence of a salt melt cannot be totally excluded based on this study. According to the literature the lowest temperature for first melting point between the three salts KCl, PbCl 2 , and FeCl 2 should be around 312°C . Considering that 300°C is rather close to this temperature formation of local salt melts at this temperature cannot be fully ruled out.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…For each test condition, two to three test species were exposed. The temperatures used in this study were selected based on thermodynamic calculations indicating that the first melting temperature of KCl–PbCl 2 –FeCl 2 mixtures are in the temperature range of 312°C to 334°C depending on composition . Several compositions will form a melt within this temperature range.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…With low‐melting deposits, such as heavy metals and chlorine‐based, corrosion could be enhanced by formation of ternary eutectic melt with the FeCl 2 and salt deposit . In the case of KPbCl‐based salt deposits, corrosion could start with FeCl 2 formation partly followed by oxidation of FeCl 2 and partly local eutectic melt formation with the KPbCl‐including deposit and FeCl 2 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Corrosion of carbon steel underneath a lead/potassium chloride salt mixture

Talus

Kinnunen

Norling

et al. 2019

Materials & Corrosion

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High amounts of lead in waste/recycled wood fuel are known to be a contributing factor to the increased corrosion often related to this type of fuel. In combination with potassium, usually present in the fuel, low‐melting point salt mixtures between lead chloride (PbCl 2) and potassium chloride (KCl) are expected to form. The purpose of this study is to investigate reactions in the mixed salt of PbCl 2 and KCl and its interactions with carbon steel P265GH and its oxide. Laboratory exposures were performed in an isothermal tube furnace with a salt mixture of PbCl 2/KCl (50/50 mol%) put on steel samples. The test duration was 24 hr at either 300°C or 340°C in an atmosphere of 100 ppm HCl and 20 vol% H 2O in synthetic air. After exposure, the salt mixture consists of distinct areas of KCl and PbCl 2 but also the compounds K 2PbCl 4 and KPb 2Cl 5. A general observation is that the oxide thickness increases with temperature and that areas with Pb/K‐mixed salt are frequently found in close connection to more corroded areas. Often the more lead‐rich phase KPb 2Cl 5 is located closest to the corrosion product indicating its importance for the corrosion.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 50%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Corrosion of carbon steel underneath a lead/potassium chloride salt mixture

Talus

Kinnunen

Norling

et al. 2019

Materials & Corrosion

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“…Construction steels used in power industry, e.g., 10CrMo9-10 [1,2], 13CrMo4-5 [3,4], 16Mo3 [5,6] or X10CrMoVNb9-1 [7,8] are required to have specific strength properties like guaranteed yield stress and creep strength both at room and elevated temperatures. These requirements are usually fulfilled in a fresh material, where the appropriate microstructure (ferritic-perlitic, ferritic-bainitic, bainitic, martensitic) is adjusted via normalizing or via quenching and tempering.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microstructure changes responsible for the degradation of the 10CrMo9-10 and 13CrMo4-5 steels during long-term operation

Gwoździk

Motylenko

Rafaja

2019

Mater. Res. Express

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The paper presents results of microstructure and mechanical testing examinations performed using optical and transmission electron microscopy, tensile tests and Charpy tests on 10CrMo9-10 and 13CrMo4-5 steels, before and after they were long-term operated at elevated temperatures in a steam heater. In the 10CrMo9-10 steel, the optical microscopy detected a degradation of original bainite that was accompanied by the formation of ferrite, precipitates and micropores. The transmission electron microscopy revealed that the precipitates are M 23 C 6 and M 7 C 3 type carbides, which are located mainly at the boundaries of former austenite grains, and M 3 C type carbides, which appear inside the grains. The 13CrMo4-5 steel contained a relatively high amount of ferrite in the ferritic-bainitic/perlitic microstructure already in the originally state. The degradation of the microstructure was less serious than for the 10CrMo9-10 steel. The thermal treatment of the 13CrMo4-5 steel led mainly to the precipitation of carbides. The M 23 C 6 and M 7 C 3 type carbides form in perlitic-bainitic areas, while M 3 C and M 6 C type carbides precipitate in ferrite. The higher density of the grain boundary precipitates in the long-term operated 10CrMo9-10 steel facilitated the formation of creep-induced micropores and contributed to the hardness reduction.

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Advances in Corrosion-Resistant Thermal Spray Coatings for Renewable Energy Power Plants: Part II—Effect of Environment and Outlook

2019

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High-temperature corrosion of critical components such as water walls and superheater tubes in biomass/ waste-fired boilers is a major challenge. A dense and defect-free thermal spray coating has been shown to be promising to achieve a high electrical/thermal efficiency in power plants. The field of thermal spraying and quality of coatings have been progressively evolving; therefore, a critical assessment of our understanding of the efficacy of coatings in increasingly aggressive operating environments of the power plants can be highly educative. The effects of composition and microstructure on high-temperature corrosion behavior of the coatings were discussed in the first part of the review. The present paper that is the second part of the review covers the emerging research field of performance assessment of thermal spray coatings in harsh corrosion-prone environments and provides a comprehensive overview of the underlying high-temperature corrosion mechanisms that lead to the damage of exposed coatings. The application of contemporary analytical methods for better understanding of the behavior of corrosion-resistant coatings is also discussed. A discussion based on an exhaustive review of the literature provides an unbiased commentary on the advanced accomplishments and some outstanding issues in the field that warrant further research. An assessment of the current status of the field, the gaps in the scientific understanding, and the research needs for the expansion of thermal spray coatings for high-temperature corrosion applications is also provided.

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High-temperature corrosion due to lead chloride mixtures simulating fireside deposits in boilers firing recycled wood

Cited by 14 publications

References 28 publications

Corrosion of carbon steel underneath a lead/potassium chloride salt mixture

Corrosion of carbon steel underneath a lead/potassium chloride salt mixture

Microstructure changes responsible for the degradation of the 10CrMo9-10 and 13CrMo4-5 steels during long-term operation

Advances in Corrosion-Resistant Thermal Spray Coatings for Renewable Energy Power Plants: Part II—Effect of Environment and Outlook

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