“…To date, a number of studies have been done to investigate the ECAP processes of pure aluminum and high purity aluminum in both experiments and simulations, amongst which some factors such as extrusion route, extrusion passes, and die angles were studied more frequently [ 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 ]. For general materials, the initial condition of the material is usually neglected due to less obvious particularity.…”