Highly efficient activation of peroxymonosulfate by cobalt sulfide hollow nanospheres for fast ciprofloxacin degradation

Red mud-activated peroxymonosulfate process for the removal of fluoroquinolones in hospital wastewater

“…After 30 min of reaction, the peak of CIP molecule (m/z 332 at RT 10.61) decreased with appearance of peaks at RT 6.39 and 2.32 corresponding to m/z 334 and 348, respectively. This indicates that (1) the cleavage of the piperazine ring (m/z 332 334) owing to attack by SO 4 •− and • OH (Li et al, 2020;Shah et al, 2019;Zhao et al, 2017) and (2) the hydroxylation reaction (m/z 332 348)…”

“…owing to the attack of the quinolone ring by • OH (Deng et al, 2017;Li et al, 2020), occurred simultaneously at the initial oxidation of CIP in the PMS/RM/HA system. Then, we observed the decrease in peaks for m/z 334 and m/z 348 after 1 h of reaction with appearance of two peaks at RT 4.02 and 5.53 corresponding to m/z 316(1) or 316(2) (Table S4).…”

Effective degradation of COVID-19 related drugs by biochar-supported red mud catalyst activated persulfate process: Mechanism and pathway

“…In comparison with non-radical pathways, free radical pathways are more capable of mineralizing a wide variety of organic pollutants into CO 2 and H 2 O because of their higher oxidative potential and relatively non-selectiveness feature ( Duan et al, 2018 ; Zhao et al, 2021 ). Generally, persulfate could be activated through a lot of methods and materials, including transition metals (e.g., Fe, Co, Cu, Mn, Zn, Ag, and Ni), carbon materials, base, and external energies (e.g., thermal, ultraviolet, microwave, electricity, and ultrasounds) ( Khan et al, 2021 ; Li et al, 2020b ; Matzek and Carter, 2016 ; Ushani et al, 2020 ). Among these initiators, Fe-based catalysts are the most preferable owing to their high activation efficiency, abundant geological reserves, low energy consumption, and low biotoxicity ( Diao et al, 2018 ; Zhang et al, 2020 ).…”

A Zn/Co bimetal zeolitic imidazolate framework material as a catalyst to activate persulfates to degrade tylosin in aqueous solutions

“…Transition metals are the materials of choice for PMS activation because of their high efficiency, low energy consumption, and relatively low cost compared to these energy-based methods such as ultraviolet light, microwave, and heat. 17,18…”