Highly Efficient CdS/WO₃ Photocatalysts: Z-Scheme Photocatalytic Mechanism for Their Enhanced Photocatalytic H₂ Evolution under Visible Light

Abstract

Natural photosynthesis is usually recognized as an efficient mechanism to achieve solar energy conversion. We construct a CdS/WO3 nanojunction achieving a Z-scheme for clean hydrogen fuel evolution by mimicking the natural photosynthesis. Although WO3 alone cannot be used for H2 evolution from water splitting, it can significantly increase the H2 evolution activity of CdS through a Z-scheme mechanism with lactate as electron donor. The CdS/WO3 photocatalyst has a high H2 evolution rate of 369 μmol g–1 h–1 at a CdS concentration of 20 wt %, which is 5 times as high as that of CdS with lactic acid as electron donor. For further improving the hydrogen production rate, we introduce the noble metal Pt to ameliorate the charge transport between CdS and WO3. Good H2 evolution rates up to 2900 μmol g–1 h–1 were obtained with WPC3, which is about 7.9 times the rate of WC20 with visible radiation. The interesting thing is that the photocatalytic mechanism of CdS/WO3 is different from the previously reported mechanism. The results of TPV (transient photovoltage) and SPV (surface photovoltage) indicate that the Z-scheme system of CdS/WO3 can effectively promote charge separation and depress the charges recombining of photogenerated charge in CdS, based on the Z-scheme mechanism, resulting in efficient H2 production activity under visible light.

Tungsten-based nanomaterials (WO 3 & Bi 2 WO 6 ): Modifications related to charge carrier transfer mechanisms and photocatalytic applications

“…Recently, WO 3 -CdS heterosystem operating through Z-scheme charge transfer process for hydrogen evolution and Ciprofloxacin degradation under visible light is also reported [166,167].…”

In-situ synthesis of direct solid-state Z-scheme V2O5/g-C3N4 heterojunctions with enhanced visible light efficiency in photocatalytic degradation of pollutants

“…More recently, the synthesis of direct solid-state Z-scheme photocatalytic system has become a research hotspot for application in environmental purification and hydrogen generation from water [17][18][19][20][21][22]. The different charge carrier transfer path of typical heterojunction and novel direct solid-state Z-scheme heterojunction are depicted in Fig.…”

Synthesis and characterization of a CuS–WO3 composite photocatalyst for enhanced visible light photocatalytic activity

“…10 Researchers have modified the band energy positons of WO 3 by the addition of low bandgap semiconductor catalysts to reduce the recombination of charge carriers and thereby improving its photocatalytic activity. [12][13][14][15][16] The difference in conduction band energy between the two semiconductors reduces the charge recombination and extends its absorption range in the visible region. Furthter, it leads to a higher yield of photo-generated electrons in the conduction band that contribute to achieve a higher photocatalytic degradation.…”