Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N8) Virus in Swans, China, 2020

Li, Xiang; Lv, Xinru; Li, Yi; Peng, Peng; Zhou, Ruifang; Qin, Siyuan; Ma, Enda; Liu, Wenqiang; Fu, Tian; Ma, Peiran; An, Qing; Li, Yiran; Yue, Hua; Wang, Yulong; Lei, Chengliang; Chu, Dong; Sun, Hui; Li, Yanbing; Gao, Yuwei; Chai, Hongliang

doi:10.3201/eid2706.204727

Cited by 18 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…H5N8 viruses have been circulating in wild birds since 2014, and are responsible for numerous disease outbreaks in domestic poultry in many countries in Asia, Europe, Africa, and North America (Abolnik et al, 2019;Baek et al, 2021;El-Shesheny et al, 2021;Lee et al, 2015;Napp et al, 2018); however, even though different H5N8 strains have been detected in wild birds and occasionally in ducks or geese in past years, they have not become established in domestic waterfowls and spread or have caused problems in chickens in China. In this study and the studies reported by others (He et al, 2021;Li et al, 2021;Xiong et al, 2021), H5N8 viruses were detected in over 17 different species of wild birds over just a few months. Since it is impossible to prevent wild birds from being infected with the virus, the H5N8 virus may have a high probability of circulation in wild birds in China.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 77%

“…To better understand their origin, as well as the timeline of invasion and spread of H5N8 viruses in China, we constructed a Bayesian time-resolved phylogenetic tree with the HA of the 36 H5N8 viruses in this study, four H5N8 viruses isolated in China by others (Li et al, 2021;Xiong et al, 2021), and the HA of 202 representative viruses that were detected in 2020 and 2021 in other countries (Figure 2). We found that the HA of these H5N8 viruses formed two branches (branch I and branch II) that probably separated in early 2018.…”

Section: Isolation and Genetic Analysis Of H5n8 Virusesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Genetic and biological characteristics of the globally circulating H5N8 avian influenza viruses and the protective efficacy offered by the poultry vaccine currently used in China

Cui

Zeng

et al. 2021

Sci. China Life Sci.

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The H5N8 avian influenza viruses have been widely circulating in wild birds and are responsible for the loss of over 33 million domestic poultry in Europe, Russia, Middle East, and Asia since January 2020. To monitor the invasion and spread of the H5N8 virus in China, we performed active surveillance by analyzing 317 wild bird samples and swab samples collected from 41,172 poultry all over the country. We isolated 22 H5N8 viruses from wild birds and 14 H5N8 viruses from waterfowls. Genetic analysis indicated that the 36 viruses formed two different genotypes: one genotype viruses were widely detected from different wild birds and domestic waterfowls; the other genotype was isolated from a whopper swan. We further revealed the origin and spatiotemporal spread of these two distinct H5N8 virus genotypes in 2020 and 2021. Animal studies indicated that the H5N8 isolates are highly pathogenic to chickens, mildly pathogenic in ducks, but have distinct pathotypes in mice. Moreover, we found that vaccinated poultry in China could be completely protected against H5N8 virus challenge. Given that the H5N8 viruses are likely to continue to spread in wild birds, vaccination of poultry is highly recommended in high-risk countries to prevent H5N8 avian influenza.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 77%

Section: Isolation and Genetic Analysis Of H5n8 Virusesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic and biological characteristics of the globally circulating H5N8 avian influenza viruses and the protective efficacy offered by the poultry vaccine currently used in China

Cui

Zeng

et al. 2021

Sci. China Life Sci.

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“…On 17 October 2020, two HPAI H5N8 viruses, classified as clade 2.3.4.4b, were detected for the first time in two dead swans, whooper swan ( Cygnus cygnus ) and mute swan ( Cygnus olor ) in Inner Mongolia, China [ 31 ]. Subsequently, intensified surveillance of HPAI H5 virus was conducted along the reported whooper swan migration routes [ 14 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, a total of 42 AIVs were isolated from wild birds in their habitats in central China during autumn of 2020 (Appendix Table 1). In addition to the initial two viruses in Inner Mongolia [ 31 ], four H5N8 viruses were detected in the key stopover sites of whooper swan in Shaanxi (Hekou Reservoir and Hongjian Nur) from November 9 to10; 12 H5N8, 1 H5N2, and 1 H9N2 viruses were detected in Shanxi (Shengtian Lake and Sanwan wetland) on November 10; and 13 H5N8 viruses were detected in Henan (Sanmenxia Reservoir Area) from November 2–11; nine HPAI H5N8 viruses were also isolated in Longan Lake in Hubei, which is primarily the wintering ground of tundra swan, from November 4–16.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emergence, prevalence, and evolution of H5N8 avian influenza viruses in central China, 2020

et al. 2021

Emerging Microbes & Infections

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Highly pathogenic influenza A(H5N8) viruses have caused several worldwide outbreaks in birds and are able cross the species barrier to infect humans, posing a substantial threat to public health. After the first detection of H5N8 viruses in deceased swans in Inner Mongolia, we performed early warning and active monitoring along swan migration routes in central China. We isolated and sequenced 42 avian influenza viruses, including 40 H5N8 viruses, 1 H5N2 virus, and 1 H9N2 virus, in central China. Our H5N8 viruses isolated in swan stopover sites and wintering grounds showed high nucleotide homologies in the whole genome, revealing a common evolutionary source. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the H5 viruses of clade 2.3.4.4b prevalent in 2020 have further diverged into two sub-clades: b1 and b2. The phylogeographic analysis also showed that the viruses of sub-clade b2 most likely originated from poultry in Russia. Notably, whooper swans were found to be responsible for the introduction of sub-clade b2 viruses in central China; whooper and tundra swans play a role in viral spread in the Yellow River Basin and the Yangtze River Basin, respectively. Our findings highlight swans as an indicator species for transborder spreading and monitoring of the H5N8 virus.

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“…These two AIVs have different main replication sites, but H5N8 has a stronger ability to inhibit innate immunity than H4N6. Recently, there have been reports that many wild whooper swans and black-necked gray swans died after being infected with the H5N8 avian influenza virus ( Muzyka et al, 2019 ; Li et al, 2021 , 2022 ). We want to analyze further the causes of their deaths and the changes in RIG-I after infection with the H5N8 avian influenza virus.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Variation of Duck RIG-I-Mediated Innate Immune Response Induced by Different Virulence Avian Influenza Viruses

Zhai

Liu

et al. 2022

Front. Microbiol.

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In recent years, the emerging highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N8) virus has been reported with features of widely spread, an expanding host range, and cross-species transmission, attracting wide attention. The domestic duck plays a major role in the epidemiological cycle of the HPAI H5N8 virus, but little is known concerning innate immune responses during influenza infection in duck species. In this study, we used two wild-bird-origin viruses, H5N8 and H4N6, to conduct duck infection experiments, and detect the load of the two viruses, and retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) and interferon β (IFN-β) in the host’s natural immune response. Through comparison, it is found that the expression levels of RIG-I and IFN-β are both fluctuating. The innate immunity starts rapidly within 6 h after infection and is inhibited by the virus to varying degrees. The expression of RIG-I and IFN-β decreased on 1–2 days post-infection (dpi). The HPAI H5N8 virus has a stronger inhibitory effect on RIG-I than the low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) H4N6 virus and is the strongest in the lungs. After infection with HPAI H5N8 virus, 2 dpi, viral RNA replicates in large amounts in the lungs. It has been proven that RIG-I and IFN-β play an important role in the innate immune response of ducks to HPAI H5N8 virus infection, especially in the lungs. The main battlefield of RIG-I and IFN-β after infection with the LPAI H4N6 virus is in the rectum. Both viruses have been effectively controlled after 7 dpi. These results will help to understand the transmission mechanisms of avian influenza virus in wild ducks and help effectively prevent and control avian influenza.

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Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N8) Virus in Swans, China, 2020

Abstract: In October 2020, highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N8) viruses were detected in 2 dead swans in Inner Mongolia, China. Genetic analysis showed that the H5N8 isolates belong to clade 2.3.4.4b and that the isolates cluster with the H5N8 viruses isolated in Eurasia in the fall of 2020.

Cited by 18 publications

References 10 publications

Genetic and biological characteristics of the globally circulating H5N8 avian influenza viruses and the protective efficacy offered by the poultry vaccine currently used in China

Genetic and biological characteristics of the globally circulating H5N8 avian influenza viruses and the protective efficacy offered by the poultry vaccine currently used in China

Emergence, prevalence, and evolution of H5N8 avian influenza viruses in central China, 2020

The Variation of Duck RIG-I-Mediated Innate Immune Response Induced by Different Virulence Avian Influenza Viruses

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