Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus (H5N1) Outbreak in Captive Wild Birds and Cats, Cambodia

Desvaux, Stéphanie; Marx, Nick; Ong, Sivuth; Gaidet, Nicolas; Hunt, Matt; Manuguerra, Jean-Claude; Sorn, San; Peiris, Malik; Werf, Sylvie van der; Reynes, Jean-Marc

doi:10.3201/eid1503.081410

Cited by 52 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…While the majority of LPAIV isolates from free-ranging birds have originated from waterfowl (Stallknecht & Shane, 1988), both LPAIV and HPAIV have been isolated from passerine birds throughout a wide geographic area encompassing portions of Europe, Australia, North America, Africa, Asia, and the Middle East. Examples of these isolations have included swabs collected from house sparrows in Hungary and European starlings in Israel and Australia (Romváry et al, 1976, in Stallknecht & Shane, 1988Lipkind et al, 1979;Amin et al, 1980;Boudreault et al, 1980;Boudreault & LeComte, 1981;Cross, 1986;Nestorowicz et al, 1987;Kwon et al, 2005;Gronesova et al, 2008;Desvaux et al, 2009). In addition, cloacal swabs collected from 22 passerine species throughout the USA from 2005 to 2008 were AIV-positive by RT-PCR, with an approximate prevalence of 1% among passerines (Fuller et al, 2010).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Shedding and serologic responses following primary and secondary inoculation of house sparrows (Passer domesticus) and European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) with low-pathogenicity avian influenza virus

et al. 2010

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Waterfowl and shorebirds are well-recognized natural reservoirs of low-pathogenicity avian influenza viruses (LPAIV); however, little is known about the role of passerines in avian influenza virus ecology. Passerines are abundant, widespread, and commonly come into contact with free-ranging birds as well as captive game birds and poultry. We inoculated and subsequently challenged house sparrows (Passer domesticus) and European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) with wild-bird origin LPAIV H3N8 to evaluate their potential role in transmission. Oropharyngeal shedding was short lived, and was detected in more starlings (97.2%) than sparrows (47.2%; n=36 of each). Cloacal shedding was rare in both species (8.3%; n=36 of each) and no cage-mate transmission occurred. Infectious LPAIV was cultured from oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs and gastrointestinal and respiratory tissues from both species. Seroconversion was detected as early as 3 days post inoculation (d.p.i.) (16.7% of sparrows and 0% of starlings; n=6 each); 50% of these individuals seroconverted by 5 d.p.i., and nearly all birds (97%; n=35) seroconverted by 28 d.p.i. In general, pre-existing homologous immunity led to reduced shedding and increased antibody levels within 7 days of challenge. Limited shedding and lack of cage-mate transmission suggest that passerines are not significant reservoirs of LPAIV, although species differences apparently exist. Passerines readily and consistently seroconverted to LPAIV, and therefore inclusion of passerines in epidemiological studies of influenza outbreaks in wildlife and domestic animals may provide further insight into the potential involvement of passerines in avian influenza virus transmission ecology.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Shedding and serologic responses following primary and secondary inoculation of house sparrows (Passer domesticus) and European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) with low-pathogenicity avian influenza virus

et al. 2010

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“…In this study, we investigated whether HPAIV H5N1 infection can occur via the gastrointestinal tract in cats. We used cats as a mammalian infection model because fatal disease caused by natural HPAIV H5N1 infections has been reported in domestic cats, leopards, tigers, and other different species of wild cats in Asia 5,6,9,11,16 and Europe. 14,17 Infection experiments revealed that HPAIV H5N1 attaches in the lungs of infected cats predominantly to alpha 2AE3 sialoglycan residues present at the surface of type II pneumocytes and alveolar macrophages in the lower respiratory tract, a pattern which most closely resembles that seen in human lung tissue.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Systemic influenza virus H5N1 infection in cats after gastrointestinal exposure

Vahlenkamp

Teifke

Harder

et al. 2010

Influenza Resp Viruses

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Please cite this paper as: Vahlenkamp et al. (2010) Systemic influenza virus H5N1 infection in cats after gastrointestinal exposure. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 4(6), 379–386. Background Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) H5N1 infections in felids have been reported in several countries. Feeding on infected birds has been suggested as potential source of infection. Objectives The study aimed to verify gastrointestinal infection as possible portal of entry for HPAIV H5N1 in cats. Methods Four cats were infected oculo‐nasopharyngeally with 106 50% egg infectious dose (EID50) of HPAIV H5N1 A/cat/Germany/R606/2006. Two cats were infected intravenously with 106 EID50 and two cats were inoculated orally with 107 EID50 HPAIV embedded in gelatine capsules to mimic gastrointestinal exposure and to avoid virus contact to oropharyngeal or respiratory tissues. Cats were monitored for 6 days by physical examination, virus excretion, and peripheral blood lymphocyte counts. Blood chemical parameters (including AST, ALT, CPK, and TBIL) and viral excretion using pharyngeal and rectal swabs were analyzed. Results Infected cats showed elevated body temperature up to 41·3°C starting from day 1 or 2 p.i. All infected cats excreted virus in pharyngeal swabs within 2 days p.i. co‐inciding with the development of clinical signs (anorexia, depression, and labored breathing) irrespective of the infection route. Virus dissemination occurred through cell‐free and cell‐associated viremia. Infected cats developed lymphopenia, hepatic necrosis, pneumonia, and significantly elevated levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), creatine phosphokinase (CPK), and TBIL. Conclusions The experiments show that the gastrointestinal tract can serve as portal for the entry of HPAIV H5N1 into cats. Infection routes used did not influence viral tissue tropism and course of disease.

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“…Based on phylogenetic and epidemiological analysis, many influenza viruses have also been directly transmitted between avian species, between avian and nonhuman mammals, and between different mammalian species ( Figure 2B). Outbreaks due to interspecies jumping include the avian H5N1 outbreaks in zoos involving different mammalian species [62] and in cats [63], equine H3N8 and avian H3N2 outbreaks in dogs [64], and the avian H3N8 outbreak in seals [65].…”

Section: Interspecies Transmission Of Influenza Virusesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interspecies transmission and emergence of novel viruses: lessons from bats and birds

Chan

Tse

et al. 2013

Trends in Microbiology

555

444

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As exemplified by coronaviruses and influenza viruses, bats and birds are natural reservoirs for providing viral genes during evolution of new virus species and viruses for interspecies transmission. These warm-blooded vertebrates display high species biodiversity, roosting and migratory behavior, and a unique adaptive immune system, which are favorable characteristics for asymptomatic shedding, dissemination, and mixing of different viruses for the generation of novel mutant, recombinant, or reassortant RNA viruses. The increased intrusion of humans into wildlife habitats and overcrowding of different wildlife species in wet markets and farms have also facilitated the interspecies transmission between different animal species.

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Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus (H5N1) Outbreak in Captive Wild Birds and Cats, Cambodia

Cited by 52 publications

References 12 publications

Shedding and serologic responses following primary and secondary inoculation of house sparrows (Passer domesticus) and European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) with low-pathogenicity avian influenza virus

Shedding and serologic responses following primary and secondary inoculation of house sparrows (Passer domesticus) and European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) with low-pathogenicity avian influenza virus

Systemic influenza virus H5N1 infection in cats after gastrointestinal exposure

Interspecies transmission and emergence of novel viruses: lessons from bats and birds

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