Highly Porous Silicon Embedded in a Ceramic Matrix: A Stable High-Capacity Electrode for Li-Ion Batteries

Vranković, Dragoljub; Graczyk‐Zajac, Magdalena; Kalcher, Constanze; Rohrer, Jochen; Becker, Malin; Stabler, Christina; Trykowski, Grzegorz; Albe, Karsten; Riedel, Ralf

doi:10.1021/acsnano.7b06031

Cited by 83 publications

(64 citation statements)

References 50 publications

(60 reference statements)

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“…Silicon is considered as one of the promising substitutions for LIBs due to its natural abundance and remarkable theoretical specific capacity (up to 4200 mAh g −1 ). [277][278][279][280][281][282] The introduction of nanoscale Si into carbonaceous scaffold's pores can synergistically improve the capacity and stability for LIBs, compared with both electrodes with an individual ingredient. For example, Guo et al employed surface-modified Si nanoparticles (SiNPs) to prepare Si@C composites via colloidal approach.…”

Section: Alkali-ion Batterymentioning

confidence: 99%

Emerging Functional Porous Polymeric and Carbonaceous Materials for Environmental Treatment and Energy Storage

Zheng

Lin

Zhang

et al. 2019

Adv Funct Materials

206

118

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The demand for practical and cost-effective environmental treatment and energy storage materials is exploding. Porous polymeric and carbonaceous materials have attracted tremendous interest on account of their welldeveloped porosity and tunable surface chemistry. Functionalization of pore structures further enhances their properties for environmental treatment and energy storage. Herein, the procedures for functionalization of porous structures are introduced, including predesign and postsynthetic strategies. Subsequently, the important advancements of emerging porous polymers for environmental treatment in sorption (e.g., organic micropollutant adsorption, heavy metal ion removal, radionuclide extraction, and oil absorption) and membrane separation (e.g., aqueous micropollutant separation, organic solvent nanofiltration, desalination and pervaporation), as well as for energy storage ranging from the electrodes and separators of batteries to supercapacitor electrodes are highlighted. Moreover, given the combined merits of high intrinsic conductivity, porosity, and physicochemical stability, novel polymer-based porous carbons for energy storage are also highlighted. Key functionalization chemistry for each application is discussed and an in-depth understanding of the structure-property relationships of these functional porous materials is provided. Finally, the challenges and perspectives of emerging functional porous polymeric and carbonaceous materials for environmental treatment and energy storage are proposed.

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Section: Alkali-ion Batterymentioning

confidence: 99%

Emerging Functional Porous Polymeric and Carbonaceous Materials for Environmental Treatment and Energy Storage

Zheng

Lin

Zhang

et al. 2019

Adv Funct Materials

206

118

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“…Considering the very low atomic concentration (0.47 %) of Sn in the composite, and EDS, XPS, and XRD evidence, it is speculated that Sn species exist as clusters of single atoms dispersed uniformly in the carbon framework. Raman spectra of the Si NDs⊂C frameworks carbonized for different durations (Figure g; Figure S8) show sharp peaks at 517.3 cm −1 corresponding to the F 2g mode of Si and two intense peaks at 1 347 and 1 580 cm −1 , corresponding to D and G bands of graphitic carbon . Thermogravimetry (TG; Figure S9) reveals that the Si and C content in the Si NDs⊂C framework is approximately 16.4 and 83.6 wt %, respectively.…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

Space‐Confined Atomic Clusters Catalyze Superassembly of Silicon Nanodots within Carbon Frameworks for Use in Lithium‐Ion Batteries

Chen

Liu

et al. 2020

Angew Chem Int Ed

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Incorporating nanoscale Si into a carbon matrix with high dispersity is desirable for the preparation of lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) but remains challenging. A space‐confined catalytic strategy is proposed for direct superassembly of Si nanodots within a carbon (Si NDs⊂C) framework by copyrolysis of triphenyltin hydride (TPT) and diphenylsilane (DPS), where Sn atomic clusters created from TPT pyrolysis serve as the catalyst for DPS pyrolysis and Si catalytic growth. The use of Sn atomic cluster catalysts alters the reaction pathway to avoid SiC generation and enable formation of Si NDs with reduced dimensions. A typical Si NDs⊂C framework demonstrates a remarkable comprehensive performance comparable to other Si‐based high‐performance half LIBs, and higher energy densities compared to commercial full LIBs, as a consequence of the high dispersity of Si NDs with low lithiation stress. Supported by mechanic simulations, this study paves the way for construction of Si/C composites suitable for applications in future energy technologies.

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“…The methods for preparing porous silicon mainly include magnesiothermic reduction and acid/alkali etching. Reduce silica by magnesiothermic reduction to obtain porous silicon and prepared Si/C/SiOC composite electrodes with high capacities of above 2000 mAh g Si −1 , Coulombic efficiencies of more than 99.5% and high capacity retentions of almost 100% over more than 100 cycles . Rice husks, perlite, and diatomaceous earth in nature are used as self‐templates to prepare porous silicon by magnesium thermal reduction, which is used as an anode material for lithium ion batteries to improve electrochemical performance.…”

Section: Suitable Structural Design Of Silicon Anodementioning

confidence: 99%

Silicon Anodes for High‐Performance Storage Devices: Structural Design, Material Compounding, Advances in Electrolytes and Binders

Hou

Yang

2020

ChemNanoMat

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Silicon has an extremely high theoretical capacity, a low voltage platform, and abundant natural reserves. It is considered to be one of the most promising anode materials for lithium-ion batteries. However, there are still many problems with silicon as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries. During the lithiation/delithiation of silicon, a huge volume expansion occurs, causing the silicon particles to pulverize and the capacity to drop sharply. Furthermore, the continuous increase in the silicon surface solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) films and the poor conductivity of silicon affect the specific capacity of the battery. Means to improve silicon-based anodes with regard to electrode cycling performance and electrode capacity include structural design, composite preparation, or improvements in electrolytes and binders (for example, designing silicon nanomaterials of different dimensions from 0D to 3D, including silicon nanoparticles, nanowires, nanorods, thin films, porous silicon, and core-shell structures). Silicon has been combined with different materials to buffer its own volume expansion, resulting in excellent performance. In addition, the design of a reasonable electrolyte solution, as well as the development of a selfhealing binder is one of the main methods to improve Sibased anodes. In recent years, sodium/potassium ion batteries have been increasingly studied, and silicon and sodium/potassium can be alloyed. The corresponding theoretical capacity can reach 954 mAh g À 1 and 955 mAh g À 1 , respectively. Advances in silicon-based anodes for sodium/ potassium ion storage are summarized herein.ductility. [25] It can increase the conductivity of silicon and adapt to the large volume expansion of silicon. In addition, some are compounded with silicon or metal or metal oxides. Such as copper, silver, tin oxide and titanium oxide. [39][40][41][42][43][44] In addition to changing the silicon's own morphological structure and preparing composite materials, the design and selection of electrolytes and binders is to improve the performance of silicon-based electrodes from the outside. By selecting the appropriate electrolytes, the electrode materials can be effectively reduced deterioration. At present, various additive-modified organic solvent electrolytes, ionic liquid electrolytes, and all-solid electrolytes are widely used in silicon-based anodes. [45][46][47][48] In addition, it is widely applicable to the binder polyvinylidene fluoride(PVDF) of lithium ion battery electrode materials, but

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Highly Porous Silicon Embedded in a Ceramic Matrix: A Stable High-Capacity Electrode for Li-Ion Batteries

Cited by 83 publications

References 50 publications

Emerging Functional Porous Polymeric and Carbonaceous Materials for Environmental Treatment and Energy Storage

Emerging Functional Porous Polymeric and Carbonaceous Materials for Environmental Treatment and Energy Storage

Space‐Confined Atomic Clusters Catalyze Superassembly of Silicon Nanodots within Carbon Frameworks for Use in Lithium‐Ion Batteries

Silicon Anodes for High‐Performance Storage Devices: Structural Design, Material Compounding, Advances in Electrolytes and Binders

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