Conspectus
Loading metal nanoparticles on the surface of
solid supports has
emerged as an efficient route for the preparation of heterogeneous
catalysts. Notably, most of these supported metal nanoparticles still
have shortcomings such as dissatisfactory activity and low product
selectivity in catalysis. In addition, these metal nanoparticles also
suffer from deactivation because of nanoparticle sintering, leaching,
and coke formation under harsh conditions. The fixation of metal nanoparticles
within zeolite crystals should have advantages of high activities
for metal nanoparticles and excellent shape selectivity for zeolite
micropores as well as extraordinary stability of metal nanoparticles
immobilized with a stable zeolite framework, which is a good solution
for the shortcomings of supported metal nanoparticles.
Materials
with metal nanostructures within the zeolite crystals
are normally denoted as metal@zeolite, where the metal nanoparticles
with diameters similar to those of industrial catalysts are usually
larger than the micropore size. These metal nanoparticles are enveloped
with the zeolite rigid framework to prevent migration under harsh
reaction conditions, which is described as a fixed structure. The
zeolite micropores allow the diffusion of reactants to the metal nanoparticles.
As a result, metal@zeolite catalysts combine the features of both
metal nanoparticles (high activity) and zeolites (shape selectivity
and thermal stability), compared with the supported metal nanoparticles.
In this Account, we describe how the zeolite micropore and metal
nanoparticle synergistically work to improve the catalytic performance
by the preparation of a variety of metal@zeolite catalysts. Multiple
functions of zeolites with respect to the metal nanoparticles are
highlighted, including control of the reactant/product diffusion in
the micropores, the adjustment of reactant adsorption on the metal
nanoparticles, and sieving the reactants and products with zeolite
micropores. Furthermore, by optimizing the wettability of the zeolite
external surface, the zeolite crystals could form a nanoreactor to
efficiently enrich the crucial intermediates, thus boosting the performance
in low-temperature methane oxidation. Also, the microporous confinement
weakens the adsorption of C1 intermediates on the metal
sites, accelerating the C–C coupling to improve C2 oxygenate productivity in syngas conversion. In particular, the
zeolite framework efficiently stabilizes the metal nanoparticles against
sintering and leaching to give durable catalysts. Clearly, this strategy
not only guides the rational design of efficient heterogeneous catalysts
for potential applications in a variety of industrial chemical reactions
but also accelerates the fundamental understanding of the catalytic
mechanisms by providing new model catalysts.