Highly Sensitive Biosensors Based on Biomolecules and Functional Nanomaterials Depending on the Types of Nanomaterials: A Perspective Review

Abstract

Biosensors are very important for detecting target molecules with high accuracy, selectivity, and signal-to-noise ratio. Biosensors developed using biomolecules such as enzymes or nucleic acids which were used as the probes for detecting the target molecules were studied widely due to their advantages. For example, enzymes can react with certain molecules rapidly and selectively, and nucleic acids can bind to their complementary sequences delicately in nanoscale. In addition, biomolecules can be immobilized and conjugated with other materials by surface modification through the recombination or introduction of chemical linkers. However, these biosensors have some essential limitations because of instability and low signal strength derived from the detector biomolecules. Functional nanomaterials offer a solution to overcome these limitations of biomolecules by hybridization with or replacing the biomolecules. Functional nanomaterials can give advantages for developing biosensors including the increment of electrochemical signals, retention of activity of biomolecules for a long-term period, and extension of investigating tools by using its unique plasmonic and optical properties. Up to now, various nanomaterials were synthesized and reported, from widely used gold nanoparticles to novel nanomaterials that are either carbon-based or transition-metal dichalcogenide (TMD)-based. These nanomaterials were utilized either by themselves or by hybridization with other nanomaterials to develop highly sensitive biosensors. In this review, highly sensitive biosensors developed from excellent novel nanomaterials are discussed through a selective overview of recently reported researches. We also suggest creative breakthroughs for the development of next-generation biosensors using the novel nanomaterials for detecting harmful target molecules with high sensitivity.

State-of-the-Art on Functional Titanium Dioxide-Integrated Nano-Hybrids in Electrical Biosensors

“…As a solution, researchers began to functionalize nanomaterials by synthesizing nano-hybrid materials; hence, the linker-technique can be waved off. [27] This new approach provides high impact in developing biosensors, including enhanced output signals, retention of biomolecular activity for a long-term, and extension of investigation tools using plasmonic and optical properties. Up till now, researchers have been extensively synthesizing and reporting on various nanomaterials.…”

“…The nanomaterials can either be carbon-based or any transition-metal dichalcogenide (TMD)-based. [27] Researchers have proved the ability of TiO 2 material in biosensor applications. [28,29] In fact, the performance of a biosensor was enhanced by using TiO 2 at nanoscale to implement a sensing mechanism.…”

Biomolecules and Electrochemical Tools in Chronic Non-Communicable Disease Surveillance: A Systematic Review

“…In general, high electrical conductivity materials such as metals and metallic oxides might easily promote the electron transfer on electrochemical devices. Especially noble metals have proven to be highly conductive catalytic materials for the improvement of electrochemical performances, with platinum (Pt) as one of the most widely used high-cost noble metals [ 78 , 79 ].…”

The toxic influence and biodegradation of carbon nanofibers in freshwater invertebrates of the families Gammaridae, Ephemerellidae, and Chironomidae

“…The growing industry of nanotechnology results in design and development of new types of nanomaterials with different properties and applications [ [1] , [2] , [3] ]. In the past few decades, carbon nanomaterials have become one of the most widely used type of nanomaterials because of their light weight, high strength, and high conductivity [ 4 ].…”