Highly toughened blends of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and natural rubber (NR) for FDM-based 3D printing applications: The effect of composition and infill pattern

Fekete, Imre; Ronkay, Ferenc; Lendvai, László

doi:10.1016/j.polymertesting.2021.107205

Cited by 76 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…According to the literature, biocomposites can be used in various applications where wear is a critical issue. The wear performance of PLA biocomposites is significantly influenced by the type and amount of reinforcement and testing parameters [ 28 , 29 , 30 ]. Therefore, our investigation was designed to find the most significant control parameter and combination of parameters that yielded the slightest wear during sliding.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Thermal and Sliding Wear Properties of Wood Waste-Filled Poly(Lactic Acid) Biocomposites

et al. 2022

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In our study, the effects of wood waste content (0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10 wt.%) on thermal and dry sliding wear properties of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) biocomposites were investigated. The wear of developed composites was examined under dry contact conditions at different operating parameters, such as sliding velocity (1 m/s, 2 m/s, and 3 m/s) and normal load (10 N, 20 N, and 30 N) at a fixed sliding distance of 2000 m. Thermogravimetric analysis demonstrated that the inclusion of wood waste decreased the thermal stability of PLA biocomposites. The experimental results indicate that wear of biocomposites increased with a rise in load and sliding velocity. There was a 26–38% reduction in wear compared with pure PLA when 2.5 wt.% wood waste was added to composites. The Taguchi method with L25 orthogonal array was used to analyze the sliding wear behavior of the developed biocomposites. The results indicate that the wood waste content with 46.82% contribution emerged as the most crucial parameter affecting the wear of PLA biocomposites. The worn surfaces of the biocomposites were examined by scanning electron microscopy to study possible wear mechanisms and correlate them with the obtained wear results.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, PLA has its drawbacks as well, including rapid physical aging, poor impact resistance, relatively high price, and low thermal stability. These drawbacks associated with PLA can be overcome by adopting, blending, copolymerization, or adding some materials such as filler/reinforcement [ 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermal and Sliding Wear Properties of Wood Waste-Filled Poly(Lactic Acid) Biocomposites

et al. 2022

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“…Surprisingly, at −20 • C, despite the improvements in the deformation at break of the PHBV/TPU blends reported in the tensile tests, their impact response did not show any increase in the peak value. According to the void rubber toughening theory, the stress concentration, deformation, and cavitation of the dispersed droplets followed by shear yielding/or crazing of the matrix is needed for energy absorption and thus toughening [63]. In this case, the conditions are very demanding for an intrinsic brittle matrix since the low temperature combined with the high speed does not allow for the necessary chain mobility required for toughening to occur, thus leading to a natural heterogeneous system where any failure in the interface between the PHBV and TPU droplets may act as critical flaws.…”

Section: Tensile Creepmentioning

confidence: 99%

In Service Performance of Toughened PHBV/TPU Blends Obtained by Reactive Extrusion for Injected Parts

et al. 2022

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Moving toward a more sustainable production model based on a circular economy, biopolymers are considered as one of the most promising alternatives to reduce the dependence on oil-based plastics. Polyhydroxybutyrate-co-valerate (PHBV), a bacterial biopolyester from the polyhydroxialkanoates (PHAs) family, seems to be an attractive candidate to replace commodities in many applications such as rigid packaging, among others, due to its excellent overall physicochemical and mechanical properties. However, it presents a relatively poor thermal stability, low toughness and ductility, thus limiting its applicability with respect to other polymers such as polypropylene (PP). To improve the performance of PHBV, reactive blending with an elastomer seems to be a proper cost-effective strategy that would lead to increased ductility and toughness by rubber toughening mechanisms. Hence, the objective of this work was the development and characterization of toughness-improved blends of PHBV with thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) using hexamethylene diisocyanate (HMDI) as a reactive extrusion agent. To better understand the role of the elastomer and the compatibilizer, the morphological, rheological, thermal, and mechanical behavior of the blends were investigated. To explore the in-service performance of the blends, mechanical and long-term creep characterization were conducted at three different temperatures (−20, 23, 50 °C). Furthermore, the biodegradability in composting conditions has also been tested. The results showed that HMDI proved its efficiency as a compatibilizer in this system, reducing the average particle size of the TPU disperse phase and enhancing the adhesion between the PHBV matrix and TPU elastomer. Although the sole incorporation of the TPU leads to slight improvements in toughness, the compatibilizer plays a key role in improving the overall performance of the blends, leading to a clear improvement in toughness and long-term behavior.

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“…3D printers are most commonly used to design the prototypes of various objects. An interesting overview of 3D printing techniques is presented in [1,2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…3D printers are most commonly used to design the prototypes of various objects. An interesting overview of 3D printing techniques is presented in [1,2]. Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) type machines are the most common 3D printers used in non-professional applications and small design companies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Possibility to Recreate the Shapes of Objects on the Basis of Printer Vibration in the Additive Printing Process

et al. 2021

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Information protection is an important safety issue in many human activity fields. Technological advances and related ubiquitous computerization bring new challenges in this area. In particular, the problem concerns the protection of devices against non-invasive acquisition processed information in ICT systems. It is known that, e.g., VGA, DVI/HDMI interfaces or laser printer formatter systems that process visual signals are the effective sources of compromising electromagnetic emanations. The emission safety of the more and more commonly used 3D printers is less known. In many cases, the disclosure of information about printed objects might constitute an infringement of the state/industrial/commercial secret, copyright, patent protection, etc. In order to analyze the existing threat, a selected printer using FDM technology was tested. During the tests, simple objects were printed to identify the operation of the stepper motor and the movements of the printer head and the printer platform, which are sources of emissions in the secondary channels. The analyses performed focused on finding the correlation between the recorded vibration signals and the printer head movements when an object was printed. It was shown that the analysis of the registered sensitive signal runtimes and their spectrograms allowed to recreate the printed object shape. Three simple objects (a trihedron, a tube and a tetrahedron) were selected for testing because they include elements that allow the four major movements of the printer head to be easily recognized: along the X axis, along the Y axis, along an arc and diagonally (between the X and Y axes). The paper presents the test results and their analyses.

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Highly toughened blends of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and natural rubber (NR) for FDM-based 3D printing applications: The effect of composition and infill pattern

Cited by 76 publications

References 46 publications

Thermal and Sliding Wear Properties of Wood Waste-Filled Poly(Lactic Acid) Biocomposites

Thermal and Sliding Wear Properties of Wood Waste-Filled Poly(Lactic Acid) Biocomposites

In Service Performance of Toughened PHBV/TPU Blends Obtained by Reactive Extrusion for Injected Parts

The Possibility to Recreate the Shapes of Objects on the Basis of Printer Vibration in the Additive Printing Process

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