“…Resistive random access memory (RRAM) is one of the most promising candidates for next-generation non-volatile memory applications due to its simple structure, low power consumption, high-speed operation, nondestructive readout, and high-density integration [1]. Many semiconducting and insulating materials including binary transition metal oxides, perovskite oxides, chalcogenides, sulfides, amorphous silicon, organic materials, and ferroelectric materials have been investigated extensively for RRAM applications [2], especially metal oxides such as Pr 1 − x Ca x MnO 3 [3,4], SrZrO 3 [5], STO [6], Nb 2 O 5 [7], NiO [8], ZrO 2 [9], SiO 2 [10], WO 3 [11], TiO 2 [12,13], Al 2 O 3 [14], ZnO [15], and HfO 2 [16-18]. …”