Highly Uniform ZnS Thin Film Through the Continuous Flow Reaction Process

Lee, Doo Hyoung; Jung, Ji Young; Bae, Eun Jin; Lee, Tae Jin; Ryu, Si Ok; Chang, Chih Hung

doi:10.3938/jkps.53.102

Cited by 12 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…While some existing chemical bath microreactor approaches are intended for uniform film deposition, − the microreactor used here is designed to maintain a concentration gradient along the flow path to enable study of materials chemistry. The microreactor is machined out of 316 stainless steel and has inlet and outlet ports (Upchurch) as shown in Figure a.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relating Deposition Conditions to Zn(S,O,OH) Thin Film Properties for Photovoltaic Buffer Layers Using a Continuous Flow Microreactor

et al. 2014

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Chemical bath deposition (CBD) is commonly used to deposit ZnS thin films as buffer layers in thin film solar cells, but oxygen is often incorporated into the film as oxide and hydroxide to form Zn(S,O,OH). Efforts to understand the gradation of the film stoichiometry and properties are limited by film thicknesses of ∼50 nm that are smaller than the probe size of many characterization techniques. We use a continuous flow microreactor (CFμR) to investigate relationships between bath composition and film properties by transposing through-plane gradients over ∼50 nm into lateral gradients over centimeters. Zn(S,O,OH) films were deposited on glass, Cu 2 (Zn, Sn)(S,Se) 4 , and CdSe using thiourea (TU) and thioacetamide (TAA) sulfur sources. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) shows increasing S/(S+O) with distance for TU films and the opposite trend for TAA films, spanning a range of 0.42−0.59 on a single substrate. Films on glass comprise highly monodispersed nodules, revealing separate nucleation and growth regimes. Experimental bath sulfide concentration and pH data were incorporated into speciation models, which showed that Zn(OH) 2 governs nucleation, whereas ZnS promotes growth. The CFμR provides unique insight into CBD of Zn(S,O,OH) thin film deposition for optimal control of film morphology and stoichiometry for photovoltaic buffer layers.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relating Deposition Conditions to Zn(S,O,OH) Thin Film Properties for Photovoltaic Buffer Layers Using a Continuous Flow Microreactor

et al. 2014

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“…5 shows that the binding energies of both Zn 2p 3/2 and S 2p increase with increasing reaction time, suggesting that the surface composition of the product changes substantially as the reaction time increases from 3 h to 6 h. The observed binding energies of Zn 2p 3/2 and S 2p for the nanostructures grown for 3 h are 1020.8 and 160.8 eV, which correspond to the reported values (1020.8 and 160.9 eV, respectively) for ZnS•(en) 0.5 nanobelts, 23 and those for the nanostructures grown for 6 h are 1021.1 and 161.1 eV, which agree well with the reported values (1021.15 eV and 161.15 eV, respectively) for ZnS nanostructures. 28 Thus, as discussed in Fig. 2-4, Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 69%

A facile growth mechanism of wurtzite ZnS nanostructures showing intense ultraviolet luminescence

Kim

Jang

2014

CrystEngComm

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Despite recent achievements in the synthetic processes of wurtzite ZnS nanostructures via the postthermal decomposition of ZnS•(en) 0.5 (en = ethylenediamine) nanocomposites, investigation into the growth mechanism of wurtzite ZnS from ZnS•(en) 0.5 is still challenging. Diverse methods such as transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, thermal gravimetric analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy have been employed to understand the facile growth mechanism of wurtzite ZnS nanobelts showing intense ultraviolet luminescence. Wurtzite ZnS nanobelts have been found to form as en molecules escape via hydration from the lamellar structures of ZnS•(en) 0.5 nanobelts, which are a reaction intermediate produced at the early stage of the reaction. The chemical composition, the morphology, and the optical properties of the produced ZnS nanobelts have been controlled well by systematically varying time, temperature, and solvents. In particular, wurtzite ZnS nanobelts of 1.0 μm in length, 80 nm in width, and 16 nm in thickness, grown optimally in a 1 : 1 : 2 volume mixture of water : en : N 2 H 4 •H 2 O at 180 °C for 6 h, have intense and narrow band-edge emission at room temperature, suggesting their potential applications in nano-optoelectronic devices.

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“…In the following section, how MANpD is used to control nucleation, growth, functionalization, and structured assembly of particles by controlling the homogenous chemical reaction in the continuous f low microreactor (CFM) will be discussed. Different nanostructured materials like Ag, 140 CdS, 142 ZnS, 160 CuInSe 2 , 149,150 ZnO 113,153-159 have been manufactured and deposited for different applications. Su et al 142 studied CdS nanoparticles using cadmium nitrate, sodium polyphosphide, sodium sulfide, and other streams with cadmium chloride and thiourea by MANpD.…”

Section: Organization: Nanoparticle Generation and Assemblymentioning

confidence: 99%

Transformation, reaction and organization of functional nanostructures using solution-based microreactor-assisted nanomaterial deposition for solar photovoltaics

Doddapaneni

Dhas

Chang

et al. 2022

MRS Energy & Sustainability

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Microreactor-Assisted Nanomaterial Deposition (MAND) process offers unique capabilities in achieving large size and shape control levels while providing a more rapid path for scaling via process intensification for nanomaterial production. This review highlights the application of continuous flow microreactors to synthesize, assemble, transform, and deposit nanostructured materials for Solar Photovoltaics, the capabilities of MAND in the field, and the potential outlook of MAND.Microreactor-Assisted Nanomaterial Deposition (MAND) is a promising technology that synthesizes reactive fluxes and nanomaterials to deposit nanostructured materials at the point of use. MAND offers precise control over reaction, organization, and transformation processes to manufacture nanostructured materials with distinct morphologies, structures, and properties. In synthesis, microreactor technology offers large surface-area-to-volume ratios within microchannel structures to accelerate heat and mass transport. This accelerated transport allows for rapid changes in reaction temperatures and concentrations, leading to more uniform heating and mixing in the deposition process. The possibility of synthesizing nanomaterials in the required volumes at the point of application eliminates the need to store and transport potentially hazardous materials. Further, MAND provides new opportunities for tailoring novel nanostructures and nano-shaped features, opening the opportunity to assemble unique nanostructures and nanostructured thin films. MAND processes control the heat transfer, mass transfer, and reaction kinetics using well-defined microstructures of the active unit reactor cell that can be replicated at larger scales to produce higher chemical production volumes. This critical feature opens a promising avenue in developing scalable nanomanufacturing. This paper reviews advances in microreactor-assisted nanomaterial deposition of nanostructured materials for solar photovoltaics. The discussions review the use of microreactors to tailor the reacting flux, transporting to substrate surfaces via controlling process parameters such as flow rates, pH of the precursor solutions, and seed layers on the formation and/or transformation of intermediary reactive molecules, nanoclusters, nanoparticles, and structured assemblies. In the end, the review discusses the use of an industrial scale MAND to apply anti-reflective and anti-soiling coatings on the solar modules in the field and details future outlooks of MAND reactors. Graphical abstract

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Highly Uniform ZnS Thin Film Through the Continuous Flow Reaction Process

Cited by 12 publications

References 0 publications

Relating Deposition Conditions to Zn(S,O,OH) Thin Film Properties for Photovoltaic Buffer Layers Using a Continuous Flow Microreactor

Relating Deposition Conditions to Zn(S,O,OH) Thin Film Properties for Photovoltaic Buffer Layers Using a Continuous Flow Microreactor

A facile growth mechanism of wurtzite ZnS nanostructures showing intense ultraviolet luminescence

Transformation, reaction and organization of functional nanostructures using solution-based microreactor-assisted nanomaterial deposition for solar photovoltaics

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