HIITing the brain with exercise: mechanisms, consequences and practical recommendations

Calverley, Thomas A.; Ogoh, Shigehiko; Marley, Christopher J.; Steggall, Martin; Marchi, Nicola; Brassard, Patrice; Lucas, Samuel J. E.; Cotter, James D.; Roig, Marc; Ainslie, Philip N.; Wisløff, Ulrik; Bailey, Damian Miles

doi:10.1113/jp275021

Cited by 111 publications

(108 citation statements)

References 103 publications

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“…BBB permeability can cause extracellular vasogenic edema resulting in a regional O 2 diffusion limitation, with the potential to adversely affect cerebral bioenergetics and cognition. This is relevant to patients already suffering from impaired cerebral autoregulation/autonomic dysfunction, including older adults, notwithstanding patients diagnosed with diabetes, hypertension, stroke, and AD ( 191 ) (original images by DMB).…”

Section: Pushing the Bbb Limits: Relevance Of Peripheral Blood Biomarmentioning

confidence: 99%

Peripheral Blood and Salivary Biomarkers of Blood–Brain Barrier Permeability and Neuronal Damage: Clinical and Applied Concepts

et al. 2021

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Within the neurovascular unit (NVU), the blood–brain barrier (BBB) operates as a key cerebrovascular interface, dynamically insulating the brain parenchyma from peripheral blood and compartments. Increased BBB permeability is clinically relevant for at least two reasons: it actively participates to the etiology of central nervous system (CNS) diseases, and it enables the diagnosis of neurological disorders based on the detection of CNS molecules in peripheral body fluids. In pathological conditions, a suite of glial, neuronal, and pericyte biomarkers can exit the brain reaching the peripheral blood and, after a process of filtration, may also appear in saliva or urine according to varying temporal trajectories. Here, we specifically examine the evidence in favor of or against the use of protein biomarkers of NVU damage and BBB permeability in traumatic head injury, including sport (sub)concussive impacts, seizure disorders, and neurodegenerative processes such as Alzheimer's disease. We further extend this analysis by focusing on the correlates of human extreme physiology applied to the NVU and its biomarkers. To this end, we report NVU changes after prolonged exercise, freediving, and gravitational stress, focusing on the presence of peripheral biomarkers in these conditions. The development of a biomarker toolkit will enable minimally invasive routines for the assessment of brain health in a broad spectrum of clinical, emergency, and sport settings.

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Section: Pushing the Bbb Limits: Relevance Of Peripheral Blood Biomarmentioning

confidence: 99%

Peripheral Blood and Salivary Biomarkers of Blood–Brain Barrier Permeability and Neuronal Damage: Clinical and Applied Concepts

et al. 2021

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“…With increased interest in healthy brain aging and implementing interventions to maintain or improve brain health [ 88 ], studying the effects of HIIE interventions are critically needed [ 41 , 42 ]. While this review only included healthy individuals, we provide an early reference to understanding “normal” physiological effects of HIIE on cerebrovascular function and the need to compare to clinical populations.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…CO 2 , nitric oxide, systemic blood pressure, vessel compliance, glial cell integrity) associated with the cerebrovascular response that may occur during HIIE [ 36 , 40 ]. However, these detailed narrative reviews [ 41 , 42 ] did not report the statistical findings of previous studies showing cerebrovascular function during HIIE. To our knowledge, our current systematic review is the first to systematically search and report the results of the dynamic cerebrovascular response during HIIE.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To our knowledge, our current systematic review is the first to systematically search and report the results of the dynamic cerebrovascular response during HIIE. Reporting the cerebrovascular response during HIIE is important because it provides objective results to support the previously described narrative statements on hemodynamic processes during HIIE [ 41 , 42 ]. The purpose of this systematic review was to address the gap in knowledge and report the various study results of HIIE on cerebrovascular function compared to moderate continuous exercise or rest conditions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of high intensity interval exercise on cerebrovascular function: A systematic review

et al. 2020

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High intensity interval exercise (HIIE) improves aerobic fitness with decreased exercise time compared to moderate continuous exercise. A gap in knowledge exists regarding the effects of HIIE on cerebrovascular function such as cerebral blood velocity and autoregulation. The objective of this systematic review was to ascertain the effect of HIIE on cerebrovascular function in healthy individuals. We searched PubMed and the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature databases with apriori key words. We followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews. Twenty articles were screened and thirteen articles were excluded due to not meeting the apriori inclusion criteria. Seven articles were reviewed via the modified Sackett’s quality evaluation. Outcomes included middle cerebral artery blood velocity (MCAv) (n = 4), dynamic cerebral autoregulation (dCA) (n = 2), cerebral de/oxygenated hemoglobin (n = 2), cerebrovascular reactivity to carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) (n = 2) and cerebrovascular conductance/resistance index (n = 1). Quality review was moderate with 3/7 to 5/7 quality criteria met. HIIE acutely lowered exercise MCAv compared to moderate intensity. HIIE decreased dCA phase following acute and chronic exercise compared to rest. HIIE acutely increased de/oxygenated hemoglobin compared to rest. HIIE acutely decreased cerebrovascular reactivity to higher CO 2 compared to rest and moderate intensity. The acute and chronic effects of HIIE on cerebrovascular function vary depending on the outcomes measured. Therefore, future research is needed to confirm the effects of HIIE on cerebrovascular function in healthy individuals and better understand the effects in individuals with chronic conditions. In order to conduct rigorous systematic reviews in the future, we recommend assessing MCAv, dCA and CO 2 reactivity during and post HIIE.

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“…HIIT refers to an exercise paradigm that uses short bursts of aerobic activity, interspersed by periods of rest or low-intensity exercise for recovery (Gibala et al, 2012 ). Although HIFT and HIIT share some similarities they are distinct in the following: HIIT utilizes only aerobic exercises performed at very high intensity with no variation (Gibala et al, 2012 ; Calverley et al, 2020 ). HIFT, on the other hand, utilizes a varied muscle-strengthening and high intensity “anaerobic” exercises (Feito et al, 2018a ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of High-intensity Functional Training (HIFT) on Spatial Learning, Visual Pattern Separation and Attention Span in Adolescents

Ben-Zeev

Hirsh

Weiss

et al. 2020

Front. Behav. Neurosci.

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Aerobic, anaerobic, and strength exercises are known to improve various cognitive functions, such as executive functions, pattern separation, and working memory. High-intensity functional training (HIFT) is a form of physical activity that can be modified to any fitness level and elicits greater muscle recruitment than repetitive aerobic exercises, thereby improving cardiovascular endurance, strength, and flexibility. HIFT emphasizes functional, multi-joint movements via high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and muscle-strengthening exercises. It is yet unknown, however, whether HIFT affects cognitive functions in adolescents. To address this question, we subjected adolescents to 3 × 20 min training sessions/week of HIFT for 3 months. The effects of HIFT were tested on performance in: (1) virtual reality (VR)-based spatial learning task; (2) computerized visual pattern separation; and (3) attention span. The control group performed a typical physical class three times per week. The effects on cognition were tested at baseline and following 3 months of HIFT. Three months into the intervention, the HIFT group achieved higher scores in the spatial learning task, pattern separation task, and in the attention span test, compared with controls. These data suggest that HIFT can potentially translate into improving school performance in adolescents.

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HIITing the brain with exercise: mechanisms, consequences and practical recommendations

Cited by 111 publications

References 103 publications

Peripheral Blood and Salivary Biomarkers of Blood–Brain Barrier Permeability and Neuronal Damage: Clinical and Applied Concepts

Peripheral Blood and Salivary Biomarkers of Blood–Brain Barrier Permeability and Neuronal Damage: Clinical and Applied Concepts

Effects of high intensity interval exercise on cerebrovascular function: A systematic review

The Effects of High-intensity Functional Training (HIFT) on Spatial Learning, Visual Pattern Separation and Attention Span in Adolescents

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