Hip joint mobility in free‐ranging rhesus macaques

Hammond, Ashley S.; Johnson, Victoria P.; Higham, James P.

doi:10.1002/ajpa.23112

Cited by 5 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…First, most tetrapods likely generate larger jaw-and/ or limb-joint excursions during discrete, non-cyclic behaviors than during cyclic behaviors (Essner, 2002;Herring and Herring, 1974;Hylander, 2013;Malfait et al, 2014;Rundquist et al, 2009;Vinyard et al, 2011;Williams et al, 2009). That said, we restricted our analysis to data from cyclic (repeated) behaviors because they are important behaviors in all tetrapods, they are available at larger sample sizes across a wider taxonomic breadth than discrete behaviors, and, unlike maximum jaw-joint excursions (Hylander, 2013), reliable estimates of maximum limb joint excursions are difficult to replicate (DeRousseau et al, 1983;Hammond, 2014;Hammond et al, 2017). Discrete and cyclic behaviors are also fundamentally different in their dynamic properties and, therefore, in their motor control, suggesting that combining their joint excursion data in one analysis would be inappropriate (Hogan and Sternad, 2007;Schaal et al, 2004).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Joint angular excursions during cyclical behaviors differ between tetrapod feeding and locomotor systems

Granatosky

McElroy

Laird

et al. 2019

Journal of Experimental Biology

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Tetrapod musculoskeletal diversity is usually studied separately in feeding and locomotor systems. However, comparisons between these systems promise important insight into how natural selection deploys the same basic musculoskeletal toolkitconnective tissues, bones, nerves and skeletal muscleto meet the differing performance criteria of feeding and locomotion. In this study, we compare average joint angular excursions during cyclic behaviorschewing, walking and runningin a phylogenetic context to explore differences in the optimality criteria of these two systems. Across 111 tetrapod species, average limb-joint angular excursions during cyclic locomotion are greater and more evolutionarily labile than those of the jaw joint during cyclic chewing. We argue that these findings reflect fundamental functional dichotomies between tetrapod locomotor and feeding systems. Tetrapod chewing systems are optimized for precise application of force over a narrower, more controlled and predictable range of displacements, the principal aim being to fracture the substrate, the size and mechanical properties of which are controlled at ingestion and further reduced and homogenized, respectively, by the chewing process. In contrast, tetrapod limbed locomotor systems are optimized for fast and energetically efficient application of force over a wider and less predictable range of displacements, the principal aim being to move the organism at varying speeds relative to a substrate whose geometry and mechanical properties need not become more homogeneous as locomotion proceeds. Hence, the evolution of tetrapod locomotor systems has been accompanied by an increasing diversity of limbjoint excursions, as tetrapods have expanded across a range of locomotor substrates and environments.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Joint angular excursions during cyclical behaviors differ between tetrapod feeding and locomotor systems

Granatosky

McElroy

Laird

et al. 2019

Journal of Experimental Biology

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“…In a naturalistic arboreal setting, it is rare that animals are presented with long tracts of straight, unobstructed supports (Bertram, ; Parsons & Taylor, ). With this in mind, we propose caution in interpreting biomechanical performance variables in the lab, and conclusions should be paired with observations from wild animals in naturalistic settings (Hammond, Johnson, & Higham, ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A suspensory way of life: Integrating locomotion, postures, limb movements, and forces in two‐toed sloths Choloepus didactylus (Megalonychidae, Folivora, Pilosa)

et al. 2018

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Over the last decade, we have learned much about the anatomy, evolutionary history, and biomechanics of the extant sloths. However, most of this study has involved studying sloths in controlled conditions, and few studies have explored how these animals are behaving in a naturalistic setting. In this study, we integrate positional activities in naturalistic conditions with kinematic and kinetic observations collected on a simulated runway to best capture the biomechanical behavior of Linnaeus's two-toed sloths. We confirm that the dominant positional behaviors consist of hanging below the support using a combination of forelimbs and hindlimbs, and walking quadrupedally below the branches. The majority of these behaviors occur on horizontal substrates that are approximately 5-10 cm in diameter. The kinematics of suspensory walking observed both in the naturalistic settings and on simulated arboreal runways are dominated by movement of the proximal limb elements, while distal limb elements tend to show little excursion. Joint kinematics are similar between the naturalistic setting and the simulated runway, but movements of the shoulder and hip tend to be exaggerated while moving in simulated conditions. Kinetic patterns of the two-toed sloth can be explained almost entirely by considering them as an inverted linked strut. However, medially directed forces toward the substrate were more frequent than expected in the forelimb, which may help sloths maintain a better "grip" on the substrate. This study serves as a model of how to gain a comprehensive understanding of the functional-adaptive profile of a particular species.

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“…These are but a few of the studies of primate functional locomotor morphology appearing in AJPA in the years following the 1967 Evolution of Primate Locomotor Systems issue, and there have been too many to attempt summarizing them all. Like the studies by Grand () and Tuttle (), many offered detailed analyses of specific regions or joint complexes: the shoulder and forelimb (Anapol & Gray, ; Chan, ; Green, ; Green, Sugiura, Seitelman, & Gunz, ; Holliday & Friedl, ; Kimes, Siegel, & Sadler, ; Larson, ; Püschel & Sellers, ; Selby & Lovejoy, ; Shea, ; Squyres & DeLeon, ; Swartz, ; Turnquist ), the wrist and hand (Cartmill, ; Hamrick, ; Lemelin & Schmitt, ; Lewis, ; Marzke, ; O'Connor, ; Susman, ; Young & Heard‐Booth, ), the pelvis, hip and hind limb (Anapol & Barry, ; Anapol & Jungers, ; Anemone, ; Gebo, ; Hammond, ; Hammond, Plavcan, & Ward, ; Hammond, Johnson, & Higham, ; Hamrick, ; Lewton, ; McHenry & Corruccini, ; Oxnard, German, Jouffroy, & Lessertisseur, ; Oxnard, German, & McArdle, ), the ankle and foot (DeSilva, ; Gebo, ; Goodenberger et al, ; Lewis, ; Lisowski, Albrecht, & Oxnard, ; Meldrum, Dagosto, & White, ; Nowak, Carlson, & Patel, ), and the trunk and vertebral column (Curtis, ; German, ; Johnson & Shapiro, ; Russo, ; Shapiro, ).…”

Section: Functional Analysis Of Primate Locomotor Morphologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Nonhuman Primate Locomotion

Larson

2018

American J Phys Anthropol

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| I N TR ODU C TI ONAs an arboreal radiation of mammals, primates 1 have access to a rich set of resources including fruits, seeds, flowers, leaves, insects and the occasional lizard. To reach them they must navigate narrow diameter, discontinuous supports that are oriented at angles ranging from horizontal to vertical, and do so by engaging in a wide variety of locomotor behaviors. In addition to the quadrupedal walking, running and bounding commonly observed among non-marine mammals, primates occasionally walk bipedally, display jumping, leaping, and hopping behaviors, suspend themselves from their forelimbs, hind limbs, as well as all four limbs, climb up and down vertical and inclined supports, utilize cantilevered bridging between supports, and engage in a variety of nonstereotypical limb motions in order to scramble along small branches/ lianas etc. Occupying an arboreal habitat, however, doesn't necessarily lead to the diversity in locomotor behaviors observed among primates.A variety of other mammals like many rodents, carnivores, scandentians and marsupials also live in the trees but retain basic quadrupedal walking, running, and bounding habits. The difference appears to be that while other mammals rely on claws to interlock with tree bark to avoid falling, primates encircle narrow arboreal substrates with grasping hands and feet tipped with flattened nails rather than claws. When, how and why primates developed a dependence on grasping clawless extremities is a matter of continuing debate, but arguably underlies much of the locomotor diversity observed in the primate Order. Much of the research establishing these generalization has appeared in the pages of the American Journal of Physical Anthropology (AJPA) and in this review I will attempt to trace the development of many of these ideas. | E A RL Y H I STOR YMost of the research published in the early issues of the AJPA was on the attributes of modern human populations including the identification of the origins and interrelationships of different "races" across the world. There was little mention of nonhuman primates in the issues of AJPA from the 1920s other than in the context of understanding the origins of our species. Then as is the case now, analysis and interpretation of fossil material began with comparisons to our "simian" relations, often with the viewpoint of an evolutionary progression beginning with primitive lemurs and culminating in the appearance of human beings.This perspective meant that the course of human evolution could be studied through comparative anatomy, as Dudley Morton attempted to do through a series of comparative studies on human foot evolution (Morton, 1922(Morton, , 1924(Morton, , 1927. Although it is often said that early theories about human evolution emphasized brain size and tool use, on the basis of his research on the foot, Morton concluded that, "The course of human evolution was evidently characterized by progressive adaptations for erect terrestrial bipedism [sic], showing first in the feet and gradually ext...

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Hip joint mobility in free‐ranging rhesus macaques

Cited by 5 publications

References 31 publications

Joint angular excursions during cyclical behaviors differ between tetrapod feeding and locomotor systems

Joint angular excursions during cyclical behaviors differ between tetrapod feeding and locomotor systems

A suspensory way of life: Integrating locomotion, postures, limb movements, and forces in two‐toed sloths Choloepus didactylus (Megalonychidae, Folivora, Pilosa)

Nonhuman Primate Locomotion

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