Hispanic Map of the U.S. 2017

Characterizing Health Inequities for the U.S. Transgender Hispanic Population Using the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System

“…17,41 With respect to ethnicity, BRFSS collects data on Hispanic individuals without collecting information on demonstrably influential factors such as country-of-origin, immigration status, or immigrant generation. [42][43][44] The U.S. Hispanic population shows significant heterogeneity as it encompasses nearly 20 distinct countries of origin as well as each country's own range of racial, ethnic, and linguistic diversity. 45 As a result, major regional differences exist in the social and economic conditions of U.S. Hispanic populations depending on their composition.…”

Gangs, gangsters, and the impact of settler colonialism on the Latina/o experience

“…In the United States, Latina/o/x has become an umbrella pan‐ethnic term to capture the experiences of residents who share a somewhat common history, features, and culture yet exhibit an array of skin colors and physical traits that go beyond traditional racial classifications of White or Black (Beltrán, ; Gómez, ; Martinez, ; Molina, ; Mora, ). In 2018, Latinas/os were estimated to be the largest minority group in the country with 18.3% of the population or approximately 59.8 million residents, which was an increase from 14 million residents or 6.4% of the population in 1980 (Hernández‐Nieto, Gutiérrez, & Moreno‐Fernández, ; Martinez, ; United States Census Bureau, ). Sociologist Ramiro Martinez () emphasized Latinos were “both old and new.” Martinez reported how most Latinos were born in the United States, yet problems associated with immigrants in the public imagination (e.g., loss of jobs, community disorder, political impact, and crime) were often not based on facts.…”

“…Researchers emphasize differing experiences based on generation status and nationality (Dohan, ; Menjívar & Bejarano, ; Portes & Rumbaut, ). Most Latinas/os are descendants of Mexico (63.2%), Puerto Rico (9.5%), Cuba (3.9%), El Salvador (3.7%), and the Dominican Republic (3.3%; Hernández‐Nieto et al, )…”

“…Such a framework emphasizes the role of history, and for Latinas/os, particularly Mexican Americans, includes the conquest of the southwestern portion of the United States, which was once part of Mexico (1821–1848), Spain (1598–1821), and indigenous lands during the past 16,000 years. Currently, the largest proportion of Latinas/os reside in the southwestern states of New Mexico (48.5%), Texas (39.1%), California (38.9%), Arizona (30.5%), and Nevada (28.5%; Hernández‐Nieto et al, ). Settler colonialism also offers analyses regarding the changing tactics of control used against racialized groups over regions and time (Glenn, ).…”

“…Researchers emphasize differing experiences based on generation status and nationality (Dohan, 2003;Menjívar & Bejarano, 2004;Portes & Rumbaut, 2001). Most Latinas/os are descendants of Mexico (63.2%), Puerto Rico (9.5%), Cuba (3.9%), El Salvador (3.7%), and the Dominican Republic (3.3%; Hernández-Nieto et al, 2017). 3 To develop an analysis capable of examining the complexities of race and ethnicity, the authors incorporate the theoretical framework of settler colonialism.…”