Histomorphometric and Immunohistochemical Study Comparing the Effect of Diabetes Mellitus on the Acini of the Sublingual and Submandibular Salivary Glands of Albino Rats

Abstract

AIM: This study was designed to compare the effect of diabetes on the mucous and seromucous acini of the sublingual (SLG) and the submandibular (SMG) salivary glands of albino rats, respectively.
 METHODS: Twenty male albino rats were assigned into two groups; control and diabetic. Three months following the induction of diabetes mellitus (DM), both the SMG and the SLG glands were removed, randomly sectioned and stained with hematoxylin and eosin to estimate the volume-weighted mean volume of the acini of both glands together with examining their morphology. Furthermore, immunohistochemistry was done to examine the expression of the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in both of them.
 RESULTS: We found that, unlike the SMG acinar cells, diabetes appeared not to affect both the morphology and the volume of the SLG acini. Interestingly, PCNA expression in diabetic SMG glands acini was significantly higher than diabetic SLG glands acini. Furthermore, we found that the expression pattern of PCNA was significantly higher between the control and diabetic groups in both glands.
 CONCLUSION: We concluded that the mucous acini of the SLG glands are less affected by the oxidative damage induced by DM.

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Glycyrrhizic acid ameliorates submandibular gland oxidative stress, autophagy and vascular dysfunction in rat model of type 1 diabetes

“…Subsequent diabetic complications that affect many organs and systems including oral tissue and salivary glands were reported 2 . Salivary glands play crucial role in maintaining oral homeostasis depending largely on salivary secretions 3 . Parotid gland, sublingual gland, and submandibular gland (SMG) are the major salivary glands that are responsible for synthesis of saliva, which is an enriched milieu composed mainly of water, electrolytes, and biologically active proteins, including growth factors and cytokines in addition to transporting water and electrolytes 3 .…”

“…Salivary glands play crucial role in maintaining oral homeostasis depending largely on salivary secretions 3 . Parotid gland, sublingual gland, and submandibular gland (SMG) are the major salivary glands that are responsible for synthesis of saliva, which is an enriched milieu composed mainly of water, electrolytes, and biologically active proteins, including growth factors and cytokines in addition to transporting water and electrolytes 3 . Specifically, SMG is responsible for production of more than 60% saliva and altering its capacity of secretion will lead to a significant disruption of oral health.…”

“…Though controversial, a relationship was established between diabetic complications and salivary dysfunction in which xerostomia (dry mouth due to reduced salivary flow rate) and polydipsia (pathological thirst) were prevalent in diabetic subjects due to the reduced ability of the salivary gland to secrete saliva 2 . A recent study showed that diabetes was associated with characteristic histopathological alterations as well as decreased secretion of the SMG without affecting either the sublingual gland or parotid gland 3 , 5 .…”

The efficacy ofOriganum majoranananocubosomal systems in ameliorating submandibular salivary gland alterations in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

“…Histopathological examination of the submandibular salivary glands in the untreated diabetic rats (group I) showed severe glandular and cellular degeneration throughout the whole experiment. Similar cellular atrophy and cytoplasmic degeneration were previously reported in the salivary glands of diabetic rats (AbuBakr et al., 2020 ; Yasser & Shon, 2020 ; Salem et al., 2021 ). These results could be attributed to severe sustained hyperglycemic states in the diabetic model where high blood glucose levels were recorded.…”

Streptozotocin- induced changes of aquaporin 1 and 4, oxidative stress and autophagy in submandibular and parotid salivary glands and the possible ameliorative effect of intermittent fasting on these changes: immunohistochemical and molecular study in rats.

“…The relationship between the decrease of submandibular and parotid glands secretion, changes of secretion dynamics, and symptoms of xerostomia in diabetic patients attracted the attention of scholars [31,32]. The clinical study of Lima et al [33] showed that 92.5% of elderly patients with type II DM suffered from low salivary flow rate.…”