Histopathological and immunohistochemical changes of the marginal periodontium in patients with Turner syndrome

Abstract

Turner syndrome (TS) is characterized by partial or complete loss of a sexual chromosome, resulting in an incomplete development of the body, gonadic failure, cardiac and renal abnormalities, oro-dental changes, etc. In our study, we proposed to perform a histological and immunohistochemical (IHC) study of the periodontium changes in patients with TS. The biological material under study was represented by fragments of gingival mucosa harvested from 18 patients with TS who presented advanced periodontal lesions and required dental extractions. The fragments of gingival mucosa were processed by the classical histological technique of paraffin inclusion, subsequently the obtained sections being stained by the Hematoxylin-Eosin (HE) and examined under the optical microscope. For the IHC study, there were performed serial sections incubated with anti-cluster of differentiation (CD) 3, anti-CD20 and anti-CD68 antibodies for highlighting immune cells, as well as with anti-matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 2 and anti-MMP8 antibodies for highlighting MMPs (MMP2 and MMP8) involved in the periodontal tissue lesions. In the present study, during the histological examination, there were observed morphological changes, both in the epithelium and in the gingival mucosa chorion. Epithelial changes consisted in the onset of acanthosis processes, in the thickening of the epithelium due to the increase of the spinous layer, as well as in the parakeratosis phenomenon. In the chorion, there was observed the presence of inflammatory infiltrates in various stages, presence of fibrosis (extended in some cases) and the presence of an important vascularization in some cases, with a high number of immunocompetent cells involved in the inborn immune response, but also in the adaptive one, as well as a more or less intense immunoexpression of MMP2 and MMP8. Our study suggests that TS may contribute to the development of some inflammatory processes in the marginal periodontium.

A Case of Turner Syndrome Presenting as Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

“…Connective tissue defects, such as cystic medial necrosis of the arterial wall, are common findings in postmortem examination of Turner syndrome with spontaneous artery dissection. This finding is relatively common in cases of Turner syndrome complicated by histology 6,12) . The arterial wall abnormalities in Turner syndrome are not restricted to the aorta.…”

Boron-containing compounds in Dentistry: a narrative review

“…Recently, periodontal disease is a changed concept, no longer linked to a certain bacterium, but more to polymicrobial groups, these causing dysbiosis and modifying normal immune responses. It has been demonstrated that Porphyromonas gingivalis (a pathogen found in humans in the oral cavity), in small numbers (<1%) determines and modulates the virulence of the entire community [ 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 28 ]. Moreover, dysbiosis causes periodontitis and thus the subgingival microbiome is important in the pathogenesis of the disease and has been associated with systemic diseases, such as oral, esophageal, gastric, lung, pancreatic, prostate and breast cancer.…”

“…Dental caries represents the leading cause of tooth and loss oral pain and could begin as small surface changes and continue until dentin is getting damaged. The accumulation of subgingival plaque leads to periodontal disease thus producing changes in the microbiota from a health to a disease [ 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 ]. Today, the treatment of periodontal disease consists in the reduction of the number of local pathogens to maintain disease control.…”

“…Dental caries represents the leading cause of tooth and loss oral pain and could begin as small surface changes and continue until dentin is getting damaged. The accumulation of subgingival plaque leads to periodontal disease thus producing changes in the microbiota from a health to a disease [11][12][13][14].…”

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“…Recently, periodontal disease is a changed concept, no longer linked to a certain bacterium, but more to polymicrobial groups, these causing dysbiosis and modifying normal immune responses. It has been demonstrated that Porphyromonas gingivalis (a pathogen found in humans in the oral cavity), in small numbers (<1%) determines and modulates the virulence of the entire community [11][12][13][14]28].…”