Histopathological and immunohistochemical study of periodontal changes in chronic smokers

Abstract

Periodontal disease is a chronic inflammatory, multifactorial condition, that, in the absence of an early and adequate treatment, may lead to a progressive damaging of the alveolar tissues that support the teeth (periodontal ligament, cement and alveolar bone) followed by teeth mobility and, subsequently, their loss. Periodontal disease is one of the most common inflammatory disease affecting adult individuals all over the world, being considered a real worldwide pandemic. This disease may influence the progression of certain systemic diseases: diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, ischemic cardiomyopathy, myocardial infarction, stroke, neurodegenerative diseases, chronic kidney diseases, cancer, etc. The association between smoking and periodontal disease was described in numerous clinical and epidemiological studies, suggesting that products derived from tobacco burning may change the clinical aspects and the disease progression. The present study analyzed microscopically and immunohistochemically 58 periodontal fragments, from 50 patients, chronic smokers, clinically diagnosed with severe periodontitis. There were highlighted major changes in the gingival epithelium (epithelium thickening, acanthosis, intraepithelial edema, infiltrates of neutrophils or lymphocytes, epithelial necrosis), in the periodontal conjunctive tissue (more or less intense inflammatory infiltrates, microhemorrhages, vascular congestion, intense immunohistochemical expression for some matrix metalloproteinases). The periodontal changes may be the expression of both toxic factors present in tobacco smoke and due to the changes caused by tobacco in the microbial flora of the oral cavity.

Treatment of skin defects with PRP enriched with hyaluronic acid – histological aspects in rat model

“…Numerous studies have shown that after skin injury, monocytes gather on the wound surface and differentiate into macrophages, which subsequently perform phagocytosis to remove damaged cells and tissues, promote angiogenesis, and skin re-epithelialization. They play a key role in the initiation and resolution of inflammatory responses in both acute and chronic injuries [ 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 ].…”

Boron-containing compounds in Dentistry: a narrative review

“…Recently, periodontal disease is a changed concept, no longer linked to a certain bacterium, but more to polymicrobial groups, these causing dysbiosis and modifying normal immune responses. It has been demonstrated that Porphyromonas gingivalis (a pathogen found in humans in the oral cavity), in small numbers (<1%) determines and modulates the virulence of the entire community [ 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 28 ]. Moreover, dysbiosis causes periodontitis and thus the subgingival microbiome is important in the pathogenesis of the disease and has been associated with systemic diseases, such as oral, esophageal, gastric, lung, pancreatic, prostate and breast cancer.…”

“…Dental caries represents the leading cause of tooth and loss oral pain and could begin as small surface changes and continue until dentin is getting damaged. The accumulation of subgingival plaque leads to periodontal disease thus producing changes in the microbiota from a health to a disease [ 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 ]. Today, the treatment of periodontal disease consists in the reduction of the number of local pathogens to maintain disease control.…”

“…Dental caries represents the leading cause of tooth and loss oral pain and could begin as small surface changes and continue until dentin is getting damaged. The accumulation of subgingival plaque leads to periodontal disease thus producing changes in the microbiota from a health to a disease [11][12][13][14].…”

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“…Recently, periodontal disease is a changed concept, no longer linked to a certain bacterium, but more to polymicrobial groups, these causing dysbiosis and modifying normal immune responses. It has been demonstrated that Porphyromonas gingivalis (a pathogen found in humans in the oral cavity), in small numbers (<1%) determines and modulates the virulence of the entire community [11][12][13][14]28].…”