Histopathological and radiological investigations of the influence of botulinum toxin on the submandibular gland of the rat

Abstract

The aim of the study was to correlate the sonographic features of Botox A injection in rat submandibular gland with the histopathological changes. Fifteen Wistar albino rats were randomly assigned to 2 groups. Group 1 (control group) consisted of 5 animals not given any substance. Group 2 was divided as "a" and "b" each consisting of 5 animals. A median cervical incision has been performed to the rats in group 2 and 2.5 U Botulinum toxin A reconstituted 0.1 ml physiologic saline was injected into the right gland. Sonograms were obtained before the application, at the first day of the Botox A application, in addition to group 2a on the 14th day, and on 28th day to group 2b. Gland size was lower in group 2a and 2b comparing to control group. The gland size of group 2b was lower than group 2a. There was no change in vascularization. There was no other histopathological change except lymphocytic infiltration in group 2. It was observed that Botox A injection does not have a direct effect on the cells in submandibular gland but it causes a homogenic shrinking in gland size without atrophy.

Histological and immunohistochemical findings of the action of botulinum toxin in salivary gland: systematic review

“…Thus, these authors Yuan, Hou and Wen (2004) and Coskun et al (2007), agree in saying that botulinum toxin type A temporarily induces atrophy of acinar cells. However, disagree on the point regarding on whether or not there is leukocyte infiltration.…”

“…Teymoortash et al (2007), affirm that in the first study performed by Ellies et al (1999), morphometric evaluations were limited to the description of serous acinar cell nuclei and did not use a standard method of fixation to minimize differences in shrinkage of the tissue samples. Coskun et al (2007), in addition to histological processing, used radiological studies before and after application of the toxin in submandibular gland of rats, observed reduction in size of the glands, but with no permanent histological changes in the cells. There was no change in the vascularization.…”

“…Anticholinergic drug substances such as Atropine, Benztropine, Glycopyrrolate, and Benzhexol Hydrochloride are some options, which reduce the volume of saliva in the oral cavity by blocking the action of parasympathetic autonomic nervous system on acetylcholine receptors on the salivary glands (Ellies et al, 2006a;Coskun et al, 2007;Bavikatte et al, 2012). Other ways include antihistaminic drugs (Alter, 2010); surgery such as ablation of salivary glands, tympanic neurectomy, transposition or retropositioning of excretory ducts or ligation of excretory ducts (Ellies et al, 2002;Savarese et al, 2004;Manrique et al, 2007); radiotherapy (Bavikatte et al, 2012;Kasarskis et al, 2011;Corso et al, 2011); speech therapy (Crysdale, 1980); techniques of body position, and the "biofeedback" (Tscheng, 2002;Savarese et al, 2004;Bloem et al, 2009;Valencia and Mendoza, 2011).…”

Apoptotic Action of Botulinum Toxin on Detrusor Muscle in Rats

“…The regeneration of prostate volume at 2 weeks thus seems to disagree with the duration of effect for BTX-A. Coskun et al [15] have also shown that BTX-A injection does not exert any direct effects on cells in the submandibular gland, but causes homogenic reductions in gland size without apoptosis, while Rohrbach et al [16] reported that injection of BTX-A into the nasal gland in guinea pigs induces apoptosis. In addition, clinical research has shown no change in prostate volume on magnetic resonance imaging in a sham double-blind study using 200 U of BTX-A or saline in 30 patients [17] .…”

Hipersekretuvar Bozukluklar ve Botulinum Toksini

“…Etkinin bu kadar uzun sürmesinin nedeni sempatik sinir liflerinde SNAP-25 proteininin tekrar oluflturulmas›n›n uzun zaman almas› veya aksonal filizlenmenin sempatik sinir liflerinde yavafl seyretmesinden olabilir. Botulinum toksini ter bezlerinde atrofiye yol açmaz (22). Hiperhidrozisin tedavisinde yeni bir BT-A preparat› olan Xeomin ® 'in ve BT-B'nin (Myobloc ® veya Neurobloc ® ) de etkili oldu¤u bildirilmifltir (23,24).…”