Histopathological changes in root and stem of mungbean exposed to Macrophomina phaseolina and dry biomass of Chenopodium quinoa

Abstract

Mungbean production is affected by a fungal pathogen Macrophomina phaseolina. A pot experiment was carried out to check the effect of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) dry biomass on the histopathological features of mungbean exposed to M. phaseolina. For this, 1%, 2% and 3% (wt/wt) of C. quinoa dry biomass was mixed in the soil inoculated with M. phaseolina. The highest disease incidence (36%) was recorded in the positive control (only M. phaseolina). Different treatments of quinoa dry mass reduced disease incidence to 4-7%. After 4 weeks of germination, stem and root sections were stained in phloroglucinol-HCl, ferric chloride and Lugol's iodine stains for the detection of lignin, polyphenols and starch granules, respectively, and studied under light microscope. Plants of positive control showed damaged cells, and heavy deposition of lignin, phenolics and starch granules as compared to plants of the negative control and those grown in the soil amended with different doses of dry biomass of quinoa. For better understanding, plant root and stem sections were studied under a scanning electron microscope. Plant sections from positive control exhibited the presence of M. phaseolina sclerotial bodies and hyphal growth, whereas in negative control normal cell structures were observed. However, C. quinoa amended stem and root sections revealed the presence of high gel deposition with normal cell structures and no pathogen establishment. This study concludes that application of C. quinoa is an effective and natural remedy to activate the resistance mechanism in plants and to combat the adverse effects of M. phaseolina. Highlights• Macrophomina phaseolina causes charcoal rot in mungbean.• Chenopodium quinoa amendment significantly reduced incidence of charcoal rot disease.• M. phaeolina increased concentrations of polyphenols, lignin and starch granules in mungbean.

Chemical Profile and Antifungal Activity of Leaf Extract of Tabernaemontana divaricata against Macrophomina phaseolina

“…However, some fungicides such as benomyl, carbendazim, dazome, difenoconazole and azoxystrobin have been tried in vitro and in vivo against M. phaseolina (Iqbal and Mukhtar, 2020a; Marquez et al, 2021). In order to reduce environmental pollution, scientists are in search of alternatives to fungicides such as the use of biological agents (Iqbal and Mukhtar, 2020b; Javaid, 2021, 2022a) and botanicals (Iqbal et al, 2014;Khan and Javaid 2022b) to control M. phaseolina. There are reports of control of M. phaseolina by extracts of Chenopodium quinoa (Khan and Javaid, 2020), Sonchus oleraceous, Ageratum conyzoides (Banaras et al, 2020(Banaras et al, , 2021, Alternanthera philoxeroides (Amin et al, 2022) and Coronopus didymus (Javaid et al, 2020).…”