Historical data to plan the recovery of the European eel

Abstract

Summary1. Long-term perspectives are critical to understand contemporary ecological systems. However, historical data on the distribution of biodiversity have only rarely been used in applied environmental sciences. 2. Here, we use historical sources to reconstruct the historical range of the European eel, a critically endangered species. We then use this baseline range to set range targets for the recovery of the European eel, as opposed to the abundance-based targets established by the European Union, which are constrained by the poor information on pre-collapse stocks. 3. We collected over 10 000 historical freshwater fish records from Spain in the 19th and 16th centuries, as well as over 25 000 records from the global biodiversity information facility (GBIF) to characterize historical and current European eel distribution in the Iberian Peninsula. We converted fish records into an eel presence-absence data set using subcatchment as spatial unit of analysis and modelled eel distribution in the different historical periods. 4. The eel was historically widespread throughout the Iberian Peninsula, but it has lost over 80% of its original range, mainly due to river fragmentation by dams. Distribution models applied to 16th-and 19th-century data showed a high agreement, supporting the use of the 19th-century estimated distribution as a baseline range. We identified the number and identity of dams that should be made passable for accomplishing specific range recovery targets, for example showing that acting upon 20 dams would make available 60% of the baseline eel range. 5. Synthesis and applications. This work exemplifies how insights gained from historical ecology can support and guide present-day management of migratory fishes. Similar approaches could be developed throughout Europe to plan the recovery of the eel, since there are large amounts of historical eel records. Historical baseline ranges for the eel range should be incorporated into the European Union legal mandates aimed at the recovery of the species.

Fish and mussels: Importance of fish for freshwater mussel conservation

“…Habitat loss due to the construction of dams, river channelization, water abstraction or other direct human interventions on freshwater ecosystems has been shown to be associated with population declines of several fish species (Dudgeon et al, 2006). The fragmentation of riverine habitats by dams may block migration, an impact that F I G U R E 4 Relationship between the number of fish hosts and the IUCN categories of freshwater mussels (n = 164) (adapted from Strayer, 2008) is especially severe for obligate diadromous fish (Clavero & Hermoso, 2015;Liermann et al, 2012;Limburg & Waldman, 2009;Ruckelshaus, Levin, Johnson, & Kareiva, 2002). The decline or extirpation of these fish species should have an impact on freshwater mussel species that depend on them (Freeman, 2003;Haag, 2012;Kelner & Sietman, 2000).…”

An environmental (pre)history of European fishing: past and future archaeological contributions to sustainable fisheries

“…Of fishes with at least partly marine life histories, anadromous and catadromous taxa show the clearest patterns of long‐term anthropogenic changes in biogeography, based on both archaeological and historical evidence (Clavero & Hermoso, ; Lenders et al, ; Thieren et al, ). Freshwater fishes, also susceptible to human influence on bounded aquatic ecosystems, reveal similarly stark extirpations.…”

Freshwater eels: A symbol of the effects of global change

“…Intensive dam constructions in Spain, Morocco and Portugal, have had drastic consequences on European eel distribution (Clavero & Hermoso, 2015;Lobon-Cervia, 1999;Nicola, Elvira, & Almodóvar, 1996), possibly affecting the sex ratio as this area yields mainly male eels and is closest to the spawning area (Kettle et al, 2011).…”