Historical linseed oil/colophony varnishes formulations: Study of their molecular composition with micro-chemical chromatographic techniques

Tirat, Sophie; Degano, Ilaria; Échard, Jean-Philippe; Lattuati-Derieux, Agnès; Lluveras‐Tenorio, Anna; Marie, Arul; Serfaty, Sylvia; Huerou, Jean‐Yves Le

doi:10.1016/j.microc.2015.11.045

Cited by 37 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…This observation confirms the formation of hybrid species, obtained by reaction between diterpenic carboxylic acids of resin and triglyceride components of the oil, which were detected by a recent microchemical chromatographic study . The same “mixed” esters could be obtained from diglyceride compounds (derived from partial hydrolysis of triglyceride analogues) and the same diterpenic acids .…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 87%

“…No cross peaks related to signals of linseed oil and colophony can be observed in any of the analyzed mixtures, thereby indicating the absence of strong intermolecular interactions between linseed oil and colophony. These data support the hypothesis that the components of the oil and those of the resin fractions are poorly linked together before the drying process, though the occurrence of reactions and the formation of “hybrid species” just upon heat treatment could be expected on the basis of previous studies …”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 86%

“…The study of the two‐component mixture and of the reactions that can occur between oil and colophony is very complex, and thus only a few researchers investigated the mechanisms involved in the interactions between the components at a molecular level. In particular, it has been hypothesized not only that the compounds inside oil and resin can react by forming hybrid species but also that their reactivity depends on the relative composition of the mixture . Moreover, the mixture's relative composition appears to affect the varnishes conservation state…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A step forward in disclosing the secret of stradivari's varnish by NMR spectroscopy

Spinella

Malagodi

Saladino

et al. 2017

J. Polym. Sci. Part A: Polym. Chem.

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It is commonly thought that the varnishes used by the great violin-maker Antonio Stradivari may have a role in determining not only the esthetical features but also the acoustic properties of his instruments, and the idea of a "lost secret" is still widespread among musicians and violin-makers. Previous scientific researches on varnish samples of Stradivari's instruments revealed that they were generally made by a mix of linseed oil with and colophony or metal rosinates in different ratios ranging between 75/25 (oil/resin) and 60/40 (oil/rosinate). However, it is still not clear whether the mixture composition can be related to any structural and/or functional feature of the resulting varnish. To investigate this aspect, we prepared varnishes with different linseed oil/colophony (w/w) ratios and applied NMR techniques to achieve information about their chemicalphysical characteristics. Here, we show that the two components strongly interact in the solid state and that only the varnish prepared from 75/25 (w/w) linseed oil/colophony mixture displays unique properties in terms of dynamic homogeneity unlike coatings with other compositions. Our results suggest that the so-called "secret" of Stradivari's finish could not be related to unknown ingredient(s) but to a specific oil/resin composition that provides the best performance.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 87%

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 86%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

A step forward in disclosing the secret of stradivari's varnish by NMR spectroscopy

Spinella

Malagodi

Saladino

et al. 2017

J. Polym. Sci. Part A: Polym. Chem.

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“…7). This suggests that there is no evidence of the reaction reported by other studies [60] between the hydroxyl group from 15-hydroxy-7-oxodehydroabietic acid and a carboxylic acid group from other molecules to form esters, so if they are formed are in such a low quantity that it is not possible to detect them by FTIR analysis.…”

Section: Ancient Resinsmentioning

confidence: 82%

Ageing of resin from Pinus species assessed by infrared spectroscopy

et al. 2016

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Resins obtained from Pinus genus species have been widely used in very different fields throughout history. As soon as they are secreted molecular changes start altering their chemical, mechanical and optical properties. The ageing processes are complex and chemical and structural changes associated to resin degradation are not yet fully known. Many questions still remain open, for instance changes happening in pimaranes, one of the two diterpenoid constituents of the resin.A systematic study of the ageing process of Pinus resins is done through of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) using chemical standards and complementing obtained results with Gas Chromatography coupled to Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis when necessary. Moreover, long-term degradation processes are also investigated through the analysis of a selection of dated historical resins. The study overcomes the limitations of GC/MS and brings new information about the reactions and interactions between molecules during Pinus resin ageing process, providing information about bonds affected and unaffected and can be used as specific markers of the degradation and of the resins themselves.

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“…Eight different multi-layered model coating systems were prepared on maple (Acer pseudoplatanus L., 1753) slabs (5 cm × 5 cm with 1 cm of thickness) according to some documented historical recipes [24]. The maple wood substrate porosity was sealed with two layers of ammonium caseinate (AC), which was employed both as a filler and as a primer.…”

Section: Preparation Of the Mock-upsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Approaches for Detecting Madder Lake in Multi-Layered Coating Systems of Historical Bowed String Instruments

et al. 2018

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Musical instrument coatings are generally made by multi-layered systems of organic and inorganic materials, applied on the wood substrate by the violin makers during the finishing process. This coating has paramount relevance for several aspects: protection from sweat and dirt, increase of specific acoustic features, and especially aesthetic effects. In fact, the colour of historical bowed string instruments represents a very peculiar characteristic of each workshop. Among the various colourants, lakes are the most challenging to detect because of their sensibility to the alteration processes. In this work, non-invasive and micro-invasive procedures were applied to a set of mock-ups mimicking historical coatings systems prior and after artificial ageing, in order to highlight the overall information that can be recovered for the detection of madder lake in historical bowed instruments. A set of techniques, including colourimetry, visible and UV-light imaging, stereomicroscopy, Fibre Optics Diffuse Reflectance spectroscopy (FORS), X-ray Fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF), Scanning Electron Microscopy coupled with Energy-Dispersive X-ray microprobe (SEM-EDX), and Fourier-Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were used in order to evaluate the pros and cons in the detection of organic and inorganic component of madder lake at low concentration levels.

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Historical linseed oil/colophony varnishes formulations: Study of their molecular composition with micro-chemical chromatographic techniques

Cited by 37 publications

References 48 publications

A step forward in disclosing the secret of stradivari's varnish by NMR spectroscopy

A step forward in disclosing the secret of stradivari's varnish by NMR spectroscopy

Ageing of resin from Pinus species assessed by infrared spectroscopy

Approaches for Detecting Madder Lake in Multi-Layered Coating Systems of Historical Bowed String Instruments

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