History and Evalution of Various Concepts of Plant and Animal Communities in North America

Vegetation of the Great Smoky Mountains

“…Kendeigh (1948Kendeigh ( , 1954 has shown that a characteristic assemblage of bird and mammal species occurs in the forest-edge, and considered this as in part a stabilized biotic community-type (biociation). Many ecotones may be regarded as community-types in their own rights by any of the traditional criteriacharacter-species, dominant species, total species composition, physiognomy, and stratal structure and stratal dominance.…”

Phytosociological inference and resource management

“…2) the environmental or biotope-type approach (Merriam 1894; Emberger 1936Emberger , 1942Holdridge 1947Holdridge , 1967Elton and Miller 1954;Dansereau 1957); 3) the landscape-type or biogeocoenose-type approach (including both landscape and microlandscape levels, as reviewed by Whittaker 1973b); 4) the biotic area or province approach (Whittaker 1973b); 5) the life-zone and segments oi~community gradients approach (Merriam 1890(Merriam , 1898(Merriam , 1899Kendeigh 1954;Beard 1955;Whittaker 1973b;Beard 1973;Aleksandrova 1973); 6) the dominance-type approach (reviewed by Whittaker 1962Whittaker , 1973c; 7) the vegetation dynamics approach (Tansley 1911(Tansley , 1920(Tansley , 1939Clements 1916Clements , 1928Clements , 1936Weaver and Clements 1929;Whittaker 1953Whittaker , 1974; 8) the stratal or lifeform approach (Gams 1918(Gams , 1927Lippmaa 1933Lippmaa , 1935Lippmaa , 1939Barkman 1958;reviewed by Barkman 1973); 9) the stratal combination or sociation approach (Fries 1913;Du Rietz 1921, 1932Daubenmire 1952Daubenmire , 1966Aleksandrova 1973;Trass and Maimer 1973); 10) the northern Europe site-typ...…”

A Mathematical Method of Analyzing Biogeographical Data. I. Herpetofauna of Illinois

“…A thorough review of the literature is beyond the scope of this paper. The interested reader is referred to Kendeigh (1954).…”

“…This concept is basically an ecological one, although it is often difficult to separate taxonomic and ecologic aspects in setting up biogeographical units. Kendeigh (1951) gives the following criteria for the recognition of biomes: 1) distinctive life-form or combination of life forms of the climax plant dominants; 2) unity in taxonomic composition of climax plant genera; 3) similarity in physiological and behavior adjustments of animals throughout the vegetative type. Biomes may be further subdivided into associations using much the same criteria (Kendeigh, 1951).…”