History and features of trans-oceanic tsunamis and implications for paleo-tsunami studies

Satake, Kenji; Heidarzadeh, Mohammad; Quiróz, Marco A.; Cienfuegos, Rodrigo

doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2020.103112

Cited by 55 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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“…The time series of a tsunami for a specific event can be characterized by an exponentially decaying fluctuation with the maximum amplitude occurring at the initial wave. The variation of the maximum tsunami amplitude can be expressed as a function of time t

η (t) = η_{m a x} \cdot e x p ()(, - \frac{α t}{120}),

where α = 3.0 is the decay constant, which is chosen by assuming the amplitude decays to an indistinguishable level (below 5%) within 120 h (Mofjeld et al., 2007; Satake et al., 2020). Supposing the initial tsunami wave arrives at a random tidal phase, the tidal time series can then be expressed as

ξ (t) = {falsefalse}_{\sum}^{i = 1} H_{i} c o s (σ_{i} t + p_{i} + p_{r a n d}),

where ξ is the tidal level, H i and p i are the tidal harmonic constants of amplitude and phase lag, respectively, I is the number of tidal constituents, and p rand is the random tidal phase sampled between 0 and 2 π .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Hazard Curves Of Ttwl By Integrating Tidal Levelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…where α = 3.0 is the decay constant, which is chosen by assuming the amplitude decays to an indistinguishable level (below 5%) within 120 h (Mofjeld et al, 2007;Satake et al, 2020). Supposing the initial tsunami wave arrives at a random tidal phase, the tidal time series can then be expressed as where ξ is the tidal level, H i and p i are the tidal harmonic constants of amplitude and phase lag, respectively, I is the number of tidal constituents, and p rand is the random tidal phase sampled between 0 and 2π.…”

Section: Hazard Curves Of Ttwl By Integrating Tidal Levelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Probabilistic Tsunami Hazard Assessment (PTHA) for Southeast Coast of Chinese Mainland and Taiwan Island

Yuan

Wei

et al. 2021

JGR Solid Earth

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Tsunami impacts along the coastline of Chinese Mainland received little attention until the 2011 M w 9.0 Tohoku earthquake and tsunami devastated the neighboring country of Japan and produced 30-60 cm wave amplitudes along the East China coasts (Figure 1). In the wake of the Tohoku event, the emergency authorities of China started to ponder how a similar event elsewhere in the Pacific Rim might affect the coastal fringe of China, where the coastal communities built on low land with hundreds of millions of residents and vast infrastructures would be devastated by severe coastal inundation.For a long period of time, the tsunami hazards in Chinese Mainland were not fully addressed due to two main reasons: a vast and shallow Abstract A Probabilistic Tsunami Hazard Assessment (PTHA) study on the Chinese Mainland and the Taiwan Island was conducted. Characterized by broad and shallow continental shelves, the offshore region along Chinese Mainland's east coast yields a significant nonlinear effect and bottom friction to the propagating long waves. To address these shallow-water effects, a fully nonlinear Boussinesq model was used in the computation-based PTHA framework. We found that the inappropriate usage of the linear wave model could considerably overestimate the tsunami hazards along the East China Sea (ECS) and the Yellow Sea. Tsunami hazard along the coastline of Chinese Mainland is generally moderate. Elevated tsunami hazard levels are found along both flanks of the Yangtze and Pearl estuaries. The probability of these coastlines impacted by 1 m or greater tsunami waves (at 10-m isobath) is about 14%-40% in next century. The shallow and tongue-shaped submarine terrain amplifies the hazard level by trapping the tsunami energy in these areas. Major subduction zones in the Northwest Pacific were identified as the main sources of destructive events along the coast of ECS and the Taiwan Island, while the Manila Trench is the main source zone that threatens the Northern South China Sea. The tsunami hazards generated by the crustal earthquakes are modest, yet not negligible, particularly in the Taiwan Strait. We found the risk of tsunami inundation along the coast of Shanghai is low based on the hazard curves of total water level that incorporates the aleatory uncertainty of tides. Plain Language Summary Tsunamis are infrequent yet devastating natural hazards. Most tsunami waves are generated by underwater earthquakes, and propagate onshore with transformation of wave amplitude and wave length. The Probabilistic Tsunami Hazard Assessment is a quantitative means to estimate the probability of tsunamis affecting the coastal areas of interest, with the purposes of enhancing public awareness and assisting disaster-mitigation activities. Our study aims to address the common concerns of whether the subduction zones in the Pacific Ocean and the local crustal faults may endanger China's low-lying coastal areas that are susceptible to tsunami inundation. The main finding of the study is that both flanks of the Yangtze Estuary a...

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η (t) = η_{m a x} \cdot e x p ()(, - \frac{α t}{120}),

ξ (t) = {falsefalse}_{\sum}^{i = 1} H_{i} c o s (σ_{i} t + p_{i} + p_{r a n d}),

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Hazard Curves Of Ttwl By Integrating Tidal Levelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Hazard Curves Of Ttwl By Integrating Tidal Levelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Probabilistic Tsunami Hazard Assessment (PTHA) for Southeast Coast of Chinese Mainland and Taiwan Island

Yuan

Wei

et al. 2021

JGR Solid Earth

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“…2) (e.g. Synolakis and Okal 2005;Fritz et al 2006;Satake et al 2020). All measurements were made based on the HTL at the time of the survey (i.e.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Field Survey of Tsunami Heights and Runups Following the 22 December 2018 Anak Krakatau Volcano Tsunami, Indonesia

Heidarzadeh

Putra

Nugroho

et al. 2020

Pure Appl. Geophys.

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The 22 December 2018 Anak Karakatau tsunami in Indonesia was a rare event in that few instrumental records existed of tsunamis generated by volcanic sources before this event. The tsunami, which left a death toll of 437, is of global importance as it provides opportunities to develop knowledge on generation, propagation and coastal effects of volcanic tsunamis. Here, we report results of field surveys along the coast of the Sunda Strait, Indonesia to study tsunami wave heights and coastal damage. We surveyed 29 locations and measured ranges of tsunami runup from 0.9 to 5.2 m, tsunami heights from 1.4 to 6.3 m, flow depths from 0.2 m to 3.0 m and inundation distances from 18 to 212 m. The largest tsunami heights and concentration of damage and fatalities occurred on the western shore of Java from Tanjung Lesung to Sumur. The largest cluster of fatalities occurred at Tanjung Lesung, where more than 50 people died while attending an outdoor music being held at the shoreline. The tsunami runup and tsunami height in Tanjung Lesung were 4.0 and 2.9–3.8 m, respectively. We believe this tragedy could have been avoided if the event organizers were more aware of the hazard posed by the Anak Krakatau volcano, as it had been actively erupting for several months prior to the tsunami, and simply moved the concert stage 100 m inland. Many of the locations surveyed demonstrated a similar pattern where the majority of casualties and destruction occurred within 100 m of the coast; in several locations, lives were saved where buildings were located at least this distance inland. The significant damage and numerous deaths which occurred in Sumur, despite the moderate tsunami height of 2.3–2.5 m, can be attributed to the extremely low-lying coastal land there. Flow depth in Sumur was 0.9–2.0 m. During our field surveys, nearly one year after the event, we noted that some of the damaged buildings were being rebuilt in the same locations just 10–30 m from the shoreline. We question this practice since the new buildings could be at the same tsunami risk as those damaged in the 2018 event.

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“…The abovementioned reports have shown strong evidence of the presence of magnetic signals during the seismic preparation stage and during the rupture process itself. Up to this date, there have been several experiments and theoretical models that identify and explain the physical mechanism of different magnetic variations related to geological properties (e.g., Freund, 2010;Scoville et al, 2015;Yamanaka et al, 2016;Venegas-Aravena et al, 2019;Vogel et al, 2020;Yu et al, 2021). According to experiments, the rise in electrical current flux within rocks is due to the movement of imperfections and the sudden growth of microcracks when rock samples are being uniaxially stressed in the semi-brittle regime (Anastasiadis et al, 2004;Stavrakas et al, 2004;Ma et al, 2011;Cartwright-Taylor et al, 2014;among others).…”

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confidence: 99%

Long-term magnetic anomalies and their possible relationship to the latest greater Chilean earthquakes in the context of the seismo-electromagnetic theory

Cordaro

Venegas-Aravena

Laroze

2021

Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci.

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Abstract. Several magnetic measurements and theoretical developments from different research groups have shown certain relationships with worldwide geological processes. Secular variation in geomagnetic cutoff rigidity, magnetic frequencies, or magnetic anomalies have been linked with spatial properties of active convergent tectonic margins or earthquake occurrences during recent years. These include the rise in similar fundamental frequencies in the range of microhertz before the Maule 2010, Tōhoku 2011, and Sumatra–Andaman 2004 earthquakes and the dramatic rise in the cumulative number of magnetic anomalous peaks before several earthquakes such as Nepal 2015 and Mexico (Puebla) 2017. Currently, all of these measurements have been physically explained by the microcrack generation due to uniaxial stress change in rock experiments. The basic physics of these experiments have been used to describe the lithospheric behavior in the context of the seismo-electromagnetic theory. Due to the dramatic increase in experimental evidence, physical mechanisms, and the theoretical framework, this paper analyzes vertical magnetic behavior close to the three latest main earthquakes in Chile: Maule 2010 (Mw 8.8), Iquique 2014 (Mw 8.2), and Illapel 2015 (Mw 8.3). The fast Fourier transform (FFT), wavelet transform, and daily cumulative number of anomalies methods were used during quiet space weather time during 1 year before and after each earthquake in order to filter space influence. The FFT method confirms the rise in the power spectral density in the millihertz range 1 month before each earthquake, which decreases to lower values some months after earthquake occurrence. The cumulative anomaly method exhibited an increase prior to each Chilean earthquake (50–90 d prior to earthquakes) similar to those found for Nepal 2015 and Mexico 2017. The wavelet analyses also show similar properties to FFT analysis. However, the lack of physics-based constraints in the wavelet analysis does not allow conclusions that are as strong as those made by FFT and cumulative methods. By using these results and previous research, it could be stated that these magnetic features could give seismic information about impending events. Additionally, these results could be related to the lithosphere–atmosphere–ionosphere coupling (LAIC effect) and the growth of microcracks and electrification in rocks described by the seismo-electromagnetic theory.

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History and features of trans-oceanic tsunamis and implications for paleo-tsunami studies

Cited by 55 publications

References 60 publications

Probabilistic Tsunami Hazard Assessment (PTHA) for Southeast Coast of Chinese Mainland and Taiwan Island

Probabilistic Tsunami Hazard Assessment (PTHA) for Southeast Coast of Chinese Mainland and Taiwan Island

Field Survey of Tsunami Heights and Runups Following the 22 December 2018 Anak Krakatau Volcano Tsunami, Indonesia

Long-term magnetic anomalies and their possible relationship to the latest greater Chilean earthquakes in the context of the seismo-electromagnetic theory

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