History and principles of the sol-gel process, and some new multicomponent oxide coatings

Dislich, Helmut; Hinz, Paul N.

doi:10.1016/0022-3093(82)90242-3

Cited by 196 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Besides, zirconium is simply not soluble in many types of glass. On the other hand, in ferroelectric glass-ceramics derived from conventional sol−gel process, aggregation of ultrafine powders and formation of secondary phases are still difficult to be overcome [23]. Therefore, we applied the hybrid processing to fabricate the finegrained Pb(Zr,Ti)O 3 -based ferroelectric glass-ceramic composites at relatively low sintering temperatures of below 900 o C. A dense, homogeneous, and fine-grained ferroelectric glassceramic composite were achieved successfully.…”

Section: Ferroelectric Fine-grained Glass-ceramic Compositesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The lower sintering temperature of the hybrid process is most inherited from the low crystallization and sintering temperature of the amorphous gel components of the hybrid BST powder. Sol-gel process is usually characterized with much lower sintering temperature because of higher chemical reactivity and shorter diffusion length [23]. On the other hand, the BST gel solution acts as binding agent to connect the nano-sized BST particles and fills the interstitials of the nano-sized particles, which is easy to achieve dramatic modification of the processing behaviors of ceramics, and useful to produce uniform and fine-grained high-quality ceramics at low sintering temperatures.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Low Temperature Hybrid Processing Technology of Fine Electronic Ceramics

Zhang¹,

Mak²,

Chan³

et al. 2013

Sintering Applications

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Section: Ferroelectric Fine-grained Glass-ceramic Compositesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low Temperature Hybrid Processing Technology of Fine Electronic Ceramics

Zhang¹,

Mak²,

Chan³

et al. 2013

Sintering Applications

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“…Soc., 2, 02008 (2018) and catalysts. Application of IROX TiO 2 /Pd in optics is one of the commercialized ones [89]. Figure 6 represents a metal-ceramic coating SEM micrograph.…”

Section: Compositesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sol-gel process applications: A mini-review

Dehghanghadikolaei¹,

Ansary²,

Ghoreishi³

2018

Proc. Nat. Res. Soc.

101

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Sol-gel process is categorized as a well-known and reliable coating process. The useful characteristics of this method are composition selection, easy to coat complex mechanical parts, geometries, homogeneity of the coating layer and easiness of the process. To this end, the process has been implemented in many applications from powder industry to electronics. However, compared with coating techniques, this method suffers from slow process speed and inherent cracks in the body of solidified gel. This process is meant to provide a coating layer that acts as a protective barrier on the surface of the materials such as optic applications. However, there are many other uses such as sensing applications and powder making that might be unknown or not studied thoroughly. In this study, after a brief explanation of the process, some of the most important applications are reviewed.

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“…-primary structurization of the solution, which is defined in [5] as complex formation; sol formation occurs at this stage [4,6]; -gel formation, i.e., the formation of a 3D lattice as a result of hydrolysis and polycondensation reactions; a gel is formed from the solution and its structure determines subsequent processes; the processes of complex formation, hydrolysis, and polycondensation are simultaneous; with mutual overlapping, their duration depends on several factors and may vary within wide limits [5,7]; -gel aging: the polycondensation reactions continue in the gel-like state, which is accompanied by a change in the gel structure, its decreasing porosity, and increasing strength; -gel drying: the removal of the residual liquid phase consisting of mixed water, alcohol, and ethers from the gel pores; the structure of the gel changes with dehydration: from a soft jelly-like mixture it gradually transforms into a solid substance; dry gel is called xerogel.…”

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confidence: 99%

Formation of glass synthesized by sol-gel technology

2006

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The process of glass synthesis by the sol-gel method is studied using analysis of EPR spectra. The gelation process and formation of xerogels are considered depending on the temperature-time parameters and the type of initial components. It is established that the glass phase starts to be formed at 800°C.The expanded use of glass in developing a new generation of instruments requires high-quality homogeneous glass materials. The improvement of all stages of glass production, including the melting process, is of great importance.A promising method for producing homogeneous glasses is the sol-gel method.Analysis of published sources suggests two directions in the technology of sol-gel synthesis of glasses.Production of amorphous batches from gels and their subsequent melting according to the traditional technology. This direction is mainly focused on the synthesis of extra pure multicomponent glasses, primarily optical glasses, including glass for fiber optics. This technology includes preparation of solutions based on extra pure soluble materials (salts, metal hydroxides, organometallic compounds, SiO 2 sol), transition from the solution to a sol, then to a gel, its drying, and formation of an amorphous powder batch achieving a perfect (at the molecular level) mixing of the components [1].Apart from the high purity and homogeneity of the glass, the use of such batch decreased (by 150 -200°C) the vitrification temperature due to the high dispersion of the batch particles, its amorphous nature, and the emergence of chemical bonds typical of glass. At the same time, the high gas-saturation of the batch complicates the clarification process and in the case of high-viscosity melts sometimes prevents lowering the general melting temperature.Production of glass by polycondensation (polymerization) of gel and its subsequent consolidation under heat treatment (without melting), i.e., the method implementing a gradual sol ® gel ® glass transition.The purpose of our study is the investigation of sol-gel synthesis of alkali-free aluminocalcium silicate glass and stage-by-stage analysis of the structure of resulting materials depending on their temperature-time parameters and the type of initial material.In the traditional technology such glass is melted in tank furnaces at 1560°C, the clarification temperature is 1520°C, and the working temperature 1450°C. The annealed samples contain bubbles and plenty of "fly-like" defects.One can single out the following stages in sol-gel technology [2 -4]:-preparing solutions by mixing alkoxides or salts of the elements comprising glass with water and alcohol at a certain pH level and temperature;-primary structurization of the solution, which is defined in [5] as complex formation; sol formation occurs at this stage [4,6]; -gel formation, i.e., the formation of a 3D lattice as a result of hydrolysis and polycondensation reactions; a gel is formed from the solution and its structure determines subsequent processes; the processes of complex formation, hydrolysis, and polycondensation are s...

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History and principles of the sol-gel process, and some new multicomponent oxide coatings

Cited by 196 publications

References 2 publications

Low Temperature Hybrid Processing Technology of Fine Electronic Ceramics

Low Temperature Hybrid Processing Technology of Fine Electronic Ceramics

Sol-gel process applications: A mini-review

Formation of glass synthesized by sol-gel technology

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