History of Jakarta's Chinatown: The Role of the City Gate as a Transition Area and a Starting Point in the Spatial Transformation from the First Chinatown to the Renewal Phase | Sejarah Pecinan Jakarta: Peran Pintu Gerbang Kota Sebagai Area Transisi dan Titik Awal dalam Transformasi Spasial Pecinan Pertama ke Fase Pembaharuan

Abstract

In the history of Jakarta, Chinatown played a significant role to the formation of the city. The Chinatown area accompanied Jakarta along its journey and has been around since the city was still known as Batavia. The Chinese were among the actors who played a major role in the formation of urban space when Batavia began to develop. After four centuries, Jakarta’s Chinatown, which is now known as the Glodok area, continues to exist and is a bustling commercial area. The research conducted tries to dig further into the existence of Jakarta’s Chinatown to reveal what lies behind its current formation. The Chinatown that can be found at this time is the second phase of the Jakarta Chinatown. At the beginning of Batavia, the Chinatown area was part of the city center. In 1740 there was a massacre that killed almost the entire Chinese population in Batavia. After the massacre, the Chinese no longer lived in the city center but filled the area outside the city walls. Through the study of archives and documents, the research tries to trace Jakarta’s Chinatown from the 17th to the 19th century to examine the spatial transformation that occurred when the first Chinatown was destroyed and a new Chinatown area grew. This research is a study of architectural history to better identify the formation of hidden layers in urban space. The findings show that there is an important role of the city gate or Pintoe Ketjil as a transition area and a starting point for the renewal phase of Chinatown. The market that develops from people's houses is a characteristic that enlivens the area. Glodok was originally the final boundary for the area before the relocation of the city center turned Glodok into the gateway for the new Chinatown. Pecinan memiliki peran yang signifikan di dalam sejarah terbentuknya kota Jakarta. Kawasan Pecinan telah mengiringi Jakarta di sepanjang usia perjalanannya dan hadir sejak kota berdiri saat masih bernama Batavia. Penduduk Cina adalah di antara aktor-aktor yang berperan besar dalam pembentukan ruang kota pada saat Batavia mulai dikembangkan. Setelah empat abad berjalan, daerah Pecinan di Jakarta yang kini dikenal sebagai kawasan Glodok masih terus hadir dan merupakan kawasan perniagaan yang ramai. Penelitian yang dilakukan mencoba menggali lebih jauh keberadaan kawasan Pecinan Jakarta untuk mengungkapkan apa yang berlangsung di balik terbentuknya Pecinan saat ini. Pecinan yang dapat ditemui kini adalah fase kedua dari Pecinan Jakarta. Pada awal Batavia berdiri, kawasan Pecinan merupakan permukiman penduduk Cina berada di pusat kota. Hingga di tahun 1740 terjadi pembantaian yang menghabisi hampir seluruh penduduk Cina di Batavia. Pasca pembantaian penduduk Cina tidak lagi tinggal di pusat kota melainkan memenuhi area di luar dinding kota. Melalui kajian arsip dan dokumen, penelitian mencoba menelusuri kondisi Pecinan Jakarta di abad ke-17 hingga akhir abad ke-19 untuk menelaah transformasi ruang yang berlangsung pada saat Pecinan pertama musnah dan tumbuhnya kawasan Pecinan baru. Penelitian ini merupakan studi sejarah arsitektur untuk lebih mengenali formasi dari lapisan-lapisan tersembunyi di dalam ruang kota. Temuan menunjukkan bahwa terdapat peranan penting wilayah pintu gerbang kota atau Pintoe Ketjil sebagai area transisi dan titik awal tumbuhnya Pecinan fase kedua. Pasar yang berkembang dari rumah-rumah penduduk adalah ciri khas yang menghidupkan kawasan. Glodok pada awalnya adalah batas akhir kawasan Pecinan, sebelum kemudian terjadinya perpindahan pusat kota mengubah Glodok menjadi pintu gerbang Pecinan baru.

Intercultural Adaptation of Chinese Culture to The Elements of City Planning on The North Coast of Java (Case Study: Jin De Yuan and Tay Kak Sie Temple)

“…In 1619, Jan Pieterszoon Coen led the VOC in their attempt to destroy Jakarta and connect the Chinese community to the city [12]. Coen saw the benefits of establishing connections with the Chinese, who played a vital role in trade, providing essential goods, and helping with marketing.…”

“…Abdurrahman Wahid, which resulted in the restoration of freedom for the population to engage in various activities related to Chinese culture, including tradition, beliefs, use of language, and customs. This significant milestone for the Chinese community in Indonesia was marked by the emergence of new celebrations and activities related to Chinese religion and culture in public spaces, as well as movements to re-establish the Pecinan area and other cultural elements within the urban space [12]. The diversity and cultural contributions of the Chinese community in Jakarta were recognized and appreciated, promoting a more inclusive and vibrant cityscape.…”

Evaluation of Stress History and Undrained Shear Strength of OC Clayey Soil in Northern Jakarta

“…Basically, Mayne [4] uses the corrected cone resistance (qt) to obtain OCR while Rahardjo et al [5] uses the pore pressure ratio (Bq). Mayne's [4] approach is mainly expressed in Equation (2). Equation ( 2) is originally proposed by Mayne et al [6].…”

“…According to UNESCO [1], in the 14 th century, Kota Tua (previously named Sunda Kelapa) was a major trading port. Since then, the city population rapidly increased by the migration of the Chinese population and other European traders [2]. Kagabu et al [3] showed that the groundwater pumping for residential and industrial water supply in Jakarta increased exponentially following the increase of Jakarta's population from approximately 100,000 in 1900 to more than 9 million in 1995.…”