History-related effects upon human escape responding: Are induction or extinction processes involved?

Abstract

consider the individual items more or less simultaneously and then divide his time among items as he sees fit. It seems reasonable to assume that when the method of stimulus presentation limits S to organizing stimulus materials along associative dimensions-as in the discrete method of stimulus presentation-he is at a distinct disadvantage in encoding a set of items with little or no inherent associative relatedness. However, when S is afforded an opportunity to consider material as a whole, where he may concentrate his attention unequally over the material, he is able to structure the material independent of the degree of its associative organization. Such an opportunity to organize is especially important when stimulus items are minimally interassociated. REFERE:-<CES DEESE. J. Influence of inter-item associative strength upon immediate free recall. Psychological Reports, 1959.5, 305-312. DEESE. J. The stnlcture of associations in language and thought. Baltimore: The John Hopkins Press. 1965. DeNNETT, c. A multiple comparison procedure for comparing several treatments with a control.

Aversive schedules with independent probabilities of reinforcement for responding and not responding by rhesus monkeys: III. Recovery of avoidance baseline.

“…The overall picture emerging from the 3 experiments presented here, that the degree of response recovery is related to prior experimental history, has been observed in a variety of situations by other investigators. Weiner (1969Weiner ( , 1970 has shown that prior histories of fixed-ratio (FR) or differential reinforcement of low rate (DRL) schedules using positive reinforcement produce differential effects on subsequent escape and avoidance response rates and that the effects persist even after extinction of the FR and DRL responding. The present study has demonstrated the parallel case that prior history of aversive schedules can also affect subsequent behavior differentially.…”