HIV-1 antibody testing strategy: evaluation of ELISA screening and Western blot profiles in a mixed low risk/high risk patient population

Downie, Jean C.; Howard, Ray; Bowcock, B.; Cunningham, Anthony L.

doi:10.1016/0166-0934(89)90111-0

Cited by 14 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Strong et al () suggested a 1:5 dilution, and diluting more than 20 times can result in false negative results (Prince and Hale ). Furthermore, a screening and a confirmation tests should always be used with a high sensitivity and a high specificity, respectively (Downie et al ; Frerichs et al ). Using samples validated for the use of post‐mortem samples is preferred.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human immunodeficiency virus in cadavers: A review

2019

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Millions of people are infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV); however, limited research focuses on post-mortem HIV detection. Post-mortem HIV testing is vital because medical records are not always available, and the HIV status can be unknown. The aims of this study were to review the available literature and determine the most efficient HIV test for post-mortem samples, the optimal tissue or bodily fluid to be tested, and the duration that HIV remains reliably detectable. A literature search was conducted using PubMed and Google Scholar. Terms were related to HIV (HIV detection, HIV testing, HIV prevalence) and deceased individuals (post-mortem, cadaver, deceased, organ donor). Inclusion criteria included English studies, or articles with at least an English abstract, while review articles were excluded. From this literature search, 43 studies were applicable. These studies most commonly used enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blot as screening and confirmation tests, respectively. As for the optimal tissue or bodily fluid, serum remained the golden standard, while testing skin seemed promising. HIV remains detectable in the body up to 58 days after death, although few studies tested samples after 48 h. Knowledge of the HIV status can be beneficial in the case of accidental exposure and can create a range of possible research opportunities on the effects of HIV in different organ systems. This review outlined several gaps in the current literature and future studies should investigate these gaps because this information can be relevant to numerous professions. Clin. Anat. 32:603-610, 2019.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human immunodeficiency virus in cadavers: A review

2019

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“…For the diagnosis of infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), serum, plasma, and whole blood have been tested for antibodies to HIV-1 by various methods such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and the agglutination test with latex, erythrocytes, and gelatin particles; Western immunoblotting has been used as a confirmatory test (5). However, the sensitivity and specificity of currently used methods are not completely satisfactory (2,7,9,17). A more sensitive and specific method is desirable for as early and reliable diagnosis of the infection as possible.…”

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confidence: 99%

Immune complex transfer enzyme immunoassay that is more sensitive and specific than western blotting for detection of antibody immunoglobulin G to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in serum with recombinant pol and gag proteins as antigens

Hashida

Hashinaka

Nishikata

et al. 1995

Clin Diagn Lab Immunol

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Antibody immunoglobulin G (IgG) to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in serum was detected by ultrasensitive enzyme immunoassays (immune complex transfer enzyme immunoassays) with recombinant reverse transcriptase (rRT), p17 (rp17) and p24 (rp24) of HIV-1 as antigens and ␤-D-galactosidase from Escherichia coli as the label. The immune complex, comprising 2,4-dinitrophenyl-bovine serum albumin-recombinant protein conjugate, antibody IgG to HIV-1, and recombinant protein-␤-D-galactosidase conjugate, was trapped on polystyrene beads coated with affinity-purified (anti-2,4-dinitrophenyl group) IgG, eluted with N-2,4-dinitrophenyl-L-lysine, and transferred to polystyrene beads coated with affinity-purified (anti-human IgG ␥-chain) IgG. Bound ␤-Dgalactosidase activity was assayed by fluorometry. The assays were highly reproducible with no serious serum interference, and they were much more sensitive than Western immunoblotting for the corresponding antigens. Signals with rRT, rp17, and rp24 for asymptomatic carriers were at least 56,000-, 680-, and 22-fold higher, respectively, than those for seronegative individuals, and neither indeterminate nor false-positive results were observed, whereas some serum samples were false negative or false positive by Western blotting for p17 and/or p24 antigen. In some cases, seroconversion was detected earlier than by conventional methods. Therefore, these assays are suggested to be more useful than conventional methods not only for the confirmation of antibody IgGs to RT, p17, and p24 of HIV-1 in serum but also for the detection of seroconversion.

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“…Discrepancies between these two assays have previously been noted [53,54]. The HIV-Wb assay is an extremely sensitive method for the detection of antibodies which recognize predominantly, if not exclusively linearized epitopes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence of HIV exposure and transient seroreactivity in archived HIV-negative severe hemophiliac sera

Tenenbaum

Morris

Alexander

et al. 2005

Virol J

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Background Approximately 25% of hemophiliacs that were frequently exposed to blood clotting factor concentrates (CFCs) contaminated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are presently HIV seronegative. In this study, we sought to determine if some of these individuals were at any time transiently HIV seropositive. In the early to mid-1980s the majority of severe hemophilia patients were exposed to CFCs contaminated with HIV. Although many of these hemophiliacs became HIV-positive, a small percentage did not become infected. To determine if some of these individuals successfully resisted viral infection, we attempted to document the presence of transient HIV reactive antibodies in archived plasma samples (1980–1992) from currently HIV-negative severe hemophiliacs who had a high probability of repeated exposure to HIV contaminated CFC. Archived plasma samples were retrospectively tested using an FDA approved HIV-1Ab HIV-1/HIV-2 (rDNA) enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and a HIV-1 Western blot assay (Wb), neither of which were commercially available until the late 1980s, which was after many of these samples had been drawn. Results We found that during the high risk years of exposure to HIV contaminated CFC (1980–1987), low levels of plasma antibodies reactive with HIV proteins were detectable in 87% (13/15) of the haemophiliacs tested. None of these individuals are presently positive for HIV proviral DNA as assessed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Conclusion Our data suggest that some severe hemophiliacs with heavy exposure to infectious HIV contaminated CFC had only transient low-level humoral immune responses reactive with HIV antigens yet remained HIV-negative and apparently uninfected. Our data supports the possibility of HIV exposure without sustained infection and the existence of HIV-natural resistance in some individuals.

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HIV-1 antibody testing strategy: evaluation of ELISA screening and Western blot profiles in a mixed low risk/high risk patient population

Cited by 14 publications

References 13 publications

Human immunodeficiency virus in cadavers: A review

Human immunodeficiency virus in cadavers: A review

Immune complex transfer enzyme immunoassay that is more sensitive and specific than western blotting for detection of antibody immunoglobulin G to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in serum with recombinant pol and gag proteins as antigens

Evidence of HIV exposure and transient seroreactivity in archived HIV-negative severe hemophiliac sera

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