HIV and HTLV-1 Coinfection: The Need to Initiate Antiretroviral Therapy

Ticona, Eduardo; Huamán, Moisés A.; Yanque, Omar; Zunt, Joseph R.

doi:10.1177/2325957413500988

Cited by 19 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…HTLV1/HTLV2 infection is also frequent among HIV‐1‐infected patients. Likewise, HTLV1/HIV‐1 co‐infected individuals have higher plasma levels of IL‐2 and IFN‐ γ .…”

Section: The Causes Of Immune Activation In Hiv‐1 Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immune activation in the course of HIV‐1 infection: Causes, phenotypes and persistence under therapy

et al. 2015

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Systemic immune activation is a striking consequence of HIV-1 infection. Even in virologically suppressed patients, some hyperactivity of the immune system and even of the endothelium and of the coagulation pathway may persist. Apart from immune deficiency, this chronic activation may contribute to various morbidities including atherothrombosis, neurocognitive disorders, liver steatosis and osteoporosis, which are currently main challenges. It is therefore of major importance to better understand the causes and the phenotypes of immune activation in the course of HIV-1 infection. In this review we will discuss the various causes of immune activation in HIV-1 infected organisms: the presence of the virus together with other microbes, eventually coming from the gut, CD4+ T cell lymphopenia, senescence and dysregulation of the immune system, and/or genetic factors. We will also describe the activation of the immune system: CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, B cells, NKT and NK cells, dendritic cells, monocytes and macrophages, and neutrophils of the inflammation cascade, as well as of the endothelium and the coagulation system. Finally, we will see that antiretroviral therapy reduces the hyperactivity of the immune and coagulation systems and the endothelial dysfunction, but often does not abolish it. A better knowledge of this phenomenon might help us to identify biomarkers predictive of non AIDS-linked comorbidities, and to define new strategies aiming at preventing their emergence.

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“…HTLV1/HTLV2 infection is also frequent among HIV‐1‐infected patients. Likewise, HTLV1/HIV‐1 co‐infected individuals have higher plasma levels of IL‐2 and IFN‐ γ .…”

Section: The Causes Of Immune Activation In Hiv‐1 Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immune activation in the course of HIV‐1 infection: Causes, phenotypes and persistence under therapy

et al. 2015

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“…Therefore, in the HIV infected individual with ATLL and or HTLV-1 co-infection, the absolute CD4 cell count may mask the degree of immunosuppression. These individuals may actually present a more advanced stage of HIV disease and are at increased risk of acquiring opportunistic infections and presenting with other immune suppression related clinical manifestations despite similar CD4 cell counts as HIV positive individuals without ATLL/HTLV-1 co-infection [ 3 , 48 , 49 ]. Although South Africa has recently adopted the World Health Organization (WHO) recommendation with regards the initiation of ART in all individuals living with HIV, irrespective of the CD4 cell count or the degree of immune suppression [ 50 , 51 ], the falsely raised CD4 cell count in individuals with concurrent ATLL/HTLV-1 co-infection may have implications with regards to the initiation of antiretroviral therapy in other resource limited-settings such as sub-Saharan Africa which bears the brunt of the global HIV burden [ 3 , 4 ].…”

Section: Current Status Of Knowledgementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Besides human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), HTLV is the only other retroviruses known to cause disease in humans [ 2 ]. HTLV-1 and HIV-1 are frequent co-pathogens [ 3 ]. With the current HIV epidemic affecting predominantly sub-Saharan Africa [ 4 ], there is renewed interest in this organism.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the true prevalence of this presentation is unknown, largely due to misdiagnosis and underreporting as HTLV-1 is seldom considered for investigation in HIV infected individuals [ 10 ]. Current areas of uncertainty surrounding HTLV-1 co-infection include its impact on the progression of HIV disease and the initiation of antiretroviral therapy in countries where access to these drugs are restricted [ 3 , 11 ]. We (authors) have recently managed and been made aware of a number of HIV-1 infected individuals that had presented with refractory hypercalcaemia secondary to HTLV-1 associated ATLL.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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HTLV-1, ATLL, severe hypercalcaemia and HIV-1 co-infection: an overview

Laher¹,

Ebrahim²

2018

Pan Afr Med J

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HIV and HTLV (Human T-ymphotropic Virus) are the only known retroviruses responsible for causing infection in humans. HTLV-1 and HIV-1 are frequent co-pathogens, however, despite its potential for accelerated progression of HIV disease and the risk of developing adult T-cell lymphoma/leukemia (ATLL), HTLV-1 is seldom considered for investigation in the HIV-1 positive individual. Severe/refractory hypercalcaemia, unresponsive to conventional calcium lowering therapy may complicate up to 70% of cases of ATLL. In addition, HTLV-1 and ATLL have both been associated with a rise in dysfunctional CD4 lymphocytes, thereby conveying a false sense of immune competence in the HIV-1 infected individual.

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“…Virus Dengue/formas graves de dengue* Oropouche (19)(20)(21) Rabia* Mayaro (16,17) Bacterias Encefalitis equina venezolana (20) Úlcera de Buruli Hantavirus (24,25) Lepra (enfermedad de Hansen)* Fiebre amarilla (26,27) Tracoma HTLV-I (28,29) Pian Hepatitis Ddelta (asociada a HBV) (11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30) Protozoos Bacterias Enfermedad de Chagas* Enfermedad de Carrión (25,26,44) Tripanosomiasis africana humana (enfermedad del sueño) Peste (27,28,29) Leishmaniosis* Leptospirosis (31,32) Helmintos Brucelosis (38,39) Cisticercosis/teniasis* Hongos Dracunculiasis (enfermedad del gusano de Guinea) Esporotricosis (40,41) Equinococosis* Paracoccidiodomicosis (42) Trematodiasis transmitidas por los alimentos Otros Filariasis linfática* Ofidismo y loxocelismo …”

Section: Virusunclassified

Enfermedades infecciosas desatendidas: un permanente reto para la salud pública y la equidad en el Perú

Cabezas-Sánchez¹

2014

Rev Peru Med Exp Salud Publica

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SimposioCitar como: Cabezas-Sánchez C. Enfermedades infecciosas desatendidas: un permanente reto para la salud pública y la equidad en el Perú. Rev Peru Med Exp Salud Publica. 2014;31(2):326-35. RESUMENLas enfermedades infecciosas desatendidas (EID) afectan a más de mil millones de personas en el mundo, y están asociadas con la pobreza, el aislamiento geográfico de las poblaciones, la estigmatización social, la escasez de datos sobre estimaciones de la carga de enfermedad local y mundial (subregistro de la enfermedad), insuficientes recursos políticos y financieros para su control, falta de grupos de presión de parte de la población más vulnerable, escasos fármacos y métodos de diagnóstico. En este artículo se describe la relación entre las EID la pobreza e inequidad, se propone un nuevo concepto de enfermedad en el trópico, la ampliación de la lista de enfermedades en el contexto del Perú que comparten las características de las EID, la escasa disponibilidad de medicamentos y pruebas de diagnóstico para enfrentar adecuadamente estas enfermedades, los aportes que viene haciendo el Instituto Nacional de Salud del Ministerio de Salud del Perú en este contexto, y como consideraciones finales se menciona que la solución para la prevención y control de las EID debe ser integral, con un abordaje desde las determinantes sociales de la salud y en el contexto de la lucha contra la pobreza y la inequidad. Palabras clave: Enfermedades infecciosas; Enfermedades tropicales desatendidas; Políticas públicas de salud (fuente: DeCS BIREME). ABSTRACTNeglected Infectious Diseases (NID) affect more than one billion people worldwide, and are associated with poverty, geographic isolation of populations, social stigma, lack of precise data on estimates on both the global and local burden of disease (underreporting of the diseases), inadequate financial and political resources to effective control measures, lack of lobbying on behalf of the most vulnerable population, as well as scarce drug and diagnostic methods development. In this article we describe the relationship between NID, poverty and inequality, we propose a new concept of disease in the tropics, expanding the list of diseases that share characteristics with NID in the Peruvian context, discuss the limited availability of drugs and diagnostic tests to properly deal with these diseases, as well as highlight the contributions by the Peruvian National Institute of Health, and as final thoughts, we state that the solution for the prevention and control of NID must include an integrated approach, including the social determinants of health in the context of the fight against poverty and inequality. Key words: Infectious diseases; Neglected tropical diseases; Health public policy (source: MeSH NLM). ENFERMEDADES INFECCIOSAS DESATENDIDAS ENFERMEDADES INFECCIOSAS DESATENDIDAS SU RELACIÓN CON LA POBREZA E INEQUIDAD Y LAS ÁREAS TRÓPICALESLas enfermedades infecciosas desatendidas (EID) son un grupo de enfermedades infecciosas que afectan a más de mil millones de personas en el mundo, ...

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HIV and HTLV-1 Coinfection: The Need to Initiate Antiretroviral Therapy

Cited by 19 publications

References 10 publications

Immune activation in the course of HIV‐1 infection: Causes, phenotypes and persistence under therapy

Immune activation in the course of HIV‐1 infection: Causes, phenotypes and persistence under therapy

HTLV-1, ATLL, severe hypercalcaemia and HIV-1 co-infection: an overview

Enfermedades infecciosas desatendidas: un permanente reto para la salud pública y la equidad en el Perú

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