Holistic control of Herbal Teas and Tinctures Based on sage (Salvia officinalis L.) for compounds with Beneficial and Adverse Effects using NMR Spectroscopy

Abstract

A methodology that utilizes 1 H-NMR spectroscopy has been developed to simultaneously analyze toxic terpenes (thujone and camphor), major polyphenolic compounds, the total antioxidant capacity (ORAC) and the Folin-Ciocalteu (FC) index in foods and medicines containing sage. The quantitative determination of rosmarinic acid (limit of detection (LOD) = 10 mg/L) and total thujone (LOD = 0.35 mg/L) was possible using direct integration of the signals. For other parameters (derivatives of rosmarinic acid, carnosol and flavone glycosides, ORAC and FC index), chemometric regression models obtained separately for alcohol-based tinctures (R 2 = 0.94-0.98) and aqueous tea infusions (R 2 = 0.79-0.99) were suitable for screening analysis. The relative standard deviations for authentic samples were below 10%. The developed methodology was applied for the analysis of a wide variety of sage products (n = 108). The total thujone content in aqueous tea infusions was found to be in the range of not detectable (nd) to 37.5 mg/L (average 9.2 mg/L), while tinctures contained higher levels (range nd–-409 mg/L, average 107 mg/L). The camphor content varied from 2.1 to 43.7 mg/L in aqueous infusions and from not detectable to 748 mg/L in tinctures (averages were 14.1 and 206 mg/L, respectively). Phenolic compounds were also detected in the majority of the investigated products. 1 H-NMR spectroscopy was proven to have the ability to holistically control all important adverse and beneficial compounds in sage products in a single experiment, considerably saving time, resources and costs as NMR replaces four separate methodologies that were previously needed to analyze the same parameters.

Antioxidant and Antiproliferative Potential of Bioactive Molecules Ursolic Acid and Thujone Isolated from Memecylon edule and Elaeagnus indica and Their Inhibitory Effect on Topoisomerase II by Molecular Docking Approach

“…Moreover, the cells are detached from their basal membrane (anoikis) and lost their contact with adjacent cells upon treatment of ursolic acid and thujone at high dose. e increasing concentration of ursolic acid and thujone induced cell death through the necrosis process which, detected with characteristic morphological changes of necrosis in U937 and HL-60 cells such as membrane bubbling, detached from neighbor cells and evaginations [28]. Similarly, morphological changes were reported in the ursolic acid-treated various cancer cells that support the present findings [18][19][20][33][34][35][36].…”

“…ere are no studies/reports on the antioxidant activity of thujone. However, several reports are present on the antioxidant activity of essential oils from various plants, that is, Salvia officinalis [28], Artemisia herba-alba [29],…”

Comparison of different extraction methods for the determination of α- and β-thujone in sage (Salvia officinalis L.) herbal tea

“…Sage is used as a herbal medicinal product, with the most typical form of application as an infusion with boiling water. Most of the literature has focused on phenolic antioxidant compounds ; however, components of the essential oil fraction present in sage tea, particularly thujones, may contribute to its biological activity . Furthermore, since most of the literature refers to solvent extraction of sage tea terpenes, there is a lack of information on HS composition.…”

Current State of the Art on the Antioxidant Activity of Sage (Salvia spp.) and Its Bioactive Components

“…Phenolic compounds were also detected in the majority of the investigated products. Thus, 1 H-NMR spectroscopy was proven to have the ability to holistically control all important adverse and beneficial compounds in sage products in a single experiment, considerably saving time, resources, and costs as NMR [41].…”