Holistic Modeling and Optimization of Electric Vehicle Powertrains Considering Longitudinal Performance, Vehicle Dynamics, Costs and Energy Consumption

Angerer, Christian; Krapf, Sebastian; Buß, Alexander; Lienkamp, Markus

doi:10.1115/detc2018-85430

Cited by 8 publications

(12 citation statements)

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“…The battery costs are calculated as described in Fries et al [30]. Inverter, motor, and transmission costs are calculated based on the models suggested by Angerer et al [16]. The powertrain costs are composed of initial costs and energy costs over the lifetime, according to Equation (4).…”

Section: Mass and Cost Estimationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although vehicle concept optimization and powertrain concept optimization represent a state of research for electric passenger cars and enable the identification of an optimal solution regarding multi-criteria design objectives [8][9][10][11], there is limited research at the vehicle concept level for electric city buses. Angerer et al [16] summarized existing powertrain concept optimization approaches and provided the basis for the choices of modeling methods. Based on [14], an optimization framework was implemented in MATLAB, as demonstrated in Figure 1, and a forward simulation approach was used to simulate the vehicle longitudinal dynamics in MATLAB Simulink.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Exploration of Optimal Powertrain Design Using Realistic Load Profiles

Pathak¹,

Sethuraman²,

Krapf

et al. 2019

WEVJ

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The electrification of bus-based public transportation contributes to the goal of reducing the adverse environmental impacts caused by urban transportation. However, the penetration of electric vehicles has been slow due to their lower vehicle range and total costs in comparison to vehicles driven by internal combustion engines. By improving the powertrain efficiency, the total costs can be reduced for the same vehicle range. Therefore, this paper proposes a holistic design exploration approach to investigate and identify the optimal powertrain concept for electric city buses based on the component costs and energy consumption costs. The load profiles of speed, slope, and passenger occupancy profiles are derived for a selected bus route in Singapore, which is used in a powertrain design exploration for a 30-passenger vehicle. Six different powertrain architectures are analyzed, together with single and multi-speed gearbox configurations, to identify the optimal powertrain architecture and the resulting component sizes. The powertrain configurations are further analyzed in terms of their influence on the vehicle characteristics and total costs. Multi-motor configurations were found to have better vehicle characteristics and lower total costs in comparison to single rear motor configurations. Concepts with motors on the front and a rear axle could shift the load points to a higher efficiency region, resulting in lower energy consumption and energy costs. The optimal powertrain concept was a fixed-speed two-motor configuration, with a booster motor on the front axle and a motor on the rear axle.

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Section: Mass and Cost Estimationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploration of Optimal Powertrain Design Using Realistic Load Profiles

Pathak¹,

Sethuraman²,

Krapf

et al. 2019

WEVJ

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…By substituting each axle's spring stiffness with respect to their partial mass and their half vehicle Eigen frequency of front and rear axle t t 䁆 t (2 ) and introducing the weight distribution factor t t 䁆 t 䁆…”

Section: Spring Ratesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While it is sufficient for internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles to consider the powertrain and the vehicle's longitudinal dynamics, the design of multi-motor electric vehicle (EV) powertrains can have major influences on the handling of a vehicle because multi-motor electric powertrains have the potential to improve handling and efficiency at the same time [1] (while for ICE the cross-dependencies between efficiency, vehicle dynamics and powertrain design can more easily be separated). As a consequence the vehicle handling must be considered as objective in a powertrain design optimization [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The objective function for the design optimization of multi-motor EV also needs to represent the handling properties and must therefore contain a vehicle dynamics model in addition to the powertrain model [2]. Nevertheless, the design variables still only describe the powertrain design and do not provide information about the parameters of the vehicle dynamics model.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Parameter-adaption for a vehicle dynamics model for the evaluation of powertrain concept designs

et al. 2019

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The powertrain design of multi-motor electric vehicles directly affects not only costs, consumption and acceleration, but also the handling of a vehicle. Therefore, a holistic powertrain design optimization needs to include a vehicle dynamics model in its objective function. While the parameters for the powertrain model result from the design variables that describe the powertrain, the parameters for the vehicle dynamics model must be adapted in a feasible way to ensure comparable results. Therefore, the authors present a method on how to adaptively parametrize a double-track vehicle dynamics model for the use in powertrain design optimization. Automated design calculations for all main chassis and suspension parts are used to determine the parameters for the model. A parameter variation proves the plausibility of the approach. The results show that an adaption of the suspension and chassis parameters due to changes in the powertrain make results more comparable but do not compensate for the effects on the vehicle handling. In particular, the steady state longitudinal load distribution still has major influences on the vehicle handling.

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Development of a parametric packaging and sizing tool for autonomous electric bus system

Sethuraman¹,

Tran²,

Ongel³

et al. 2020

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D:

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The demand for autonomous electric public transport is increasing globally. New vehicle models and variants are increasing the development complexity and hence the overall development time. Therefore, there is a requirement for a vehicle-packaging tool that can translate user inputs into an optimised vehicle package and can be visualised instantly. The aim of this paper is to develop a parametric tool for designing different concepts for electric autonomous buses. The scope of application is intended in the early phase of the vehicle development process to enable a fast and efficient creation of a flexible bus concept. Through a graphical user interface (GUI), the user is able to size and select all the required components for the autonomous vehicle concepts. The vehicle specification is initiated by selection of one of the three classes of vehicle, the desired number of passengers and then the bus interior’s seat arrangement design. An appropriate powertrain and chassis will then automatically be configured in the next steps. The HVAC simulation allows for the design of different components of the refrigeration circuit to ensure proper cabin temperature. For evaluating the concept, the energy consumption is analysed through simulations, and an estimated initial cost of vehicle concepts and individual systems completes the concept. A spider chart summarises all characteristics and offers an overview of the vehicle concept, providing the possibility to compare with other concepts simultaneously. The tool can create 9600 different bus concepts and provides interfaces for expansion.

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Holistic Modeling and Optimization of Electric Vehicle Powertrains Considering Longitudinal Performance, Vehicle Dynamics, Costs and Energy Consumption

Cited by 8 publications

References 0 publications

Exploration of Optimal Powertrain Design Using Realistic Load Profiles

Exploration of Optimal Powertrain Design Using Realistic Load Profiles

Parameter-adaption for a vehicle dynamics model for the evaluation of powertrain concept designs

Development of a parametric packaging and sizing tool for autonomous electric bus system

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