Holographic grating formation in photopolymers: analysis and experimental results based on a nonlocal diffusion model and rigorous coupled-wave analysis

Wu, Shun-Der; Glytsis, Elias N.

doi:10.1364/josab.20.001177

Cited by 68 publications

(95 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…19 However, the diffusion model now includes a time integral. In evaluating this integral, using the trapezoidal rule, the size of ⌬t D is critical to the numerical accuracy of the result.…”

Section: Numerical Simulationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The temporal response of the recording material is then examined and a material response function proposed. The model is solved using a finite-difference time-domain method 19 ͑FDTD͒ and the effects of the nonlocal temporal response on refractive index modulation using the Lorentza͒ Lorenz relation are examined. 20 These results are used to calculate diffraction efficiency using rigorous coupled wave analysis 21 ͑RCWA͒ and to carry out fits to experimental data.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Temporal response and first order volume changes during grating formation in photopolymers

Kelly

Gleeson

et al. 2006

Journal of Applied Physics

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We examine the evolution of the refractive index modulation when recording gratings in an acrylamide based photopolymer. A nonlocal diffusion model is used to predict theoretically the grating evolution. The model has been developed to account for both nonlocal spatial and temporal effects in the medium, which can be attributed to polymer chain growth. Previously it was assumed that the temporal effect of chain growth could be neglected. However, temporal effects due to chain growth and monomer diffusion are shown to be significant, particularly over short recording periods where dark field amplification is observed. The diffusion model is solved using a finite-difference technique to predict the evolution of the monomer and polymer concentrations throughout grating recording. Using independently measured refractive index values for each component of the recording medium, the Lorentz-Lorenz relation is used to determine the corresponding refractive index modulation. The corresponding diffraction efficiency is then determined using rigorous coupled wave analysis. The diffraction efficiency curves are presented for gratings recorded using short exposure times, monitored in real time, both during and after recording. The effect of volume shrinkage of polymer on grating evolution is also examined. Both the nonlocal temporal response of the material and monomer diffusion are shown to influence refractive index modulation postexposure.

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Section: Numerical Simulationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temporal response and first order volume changes during grating formation in photopolymers

Kelly

Gleeson

et al. 2006

Journal of Applied Physics

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“…Fabrication of gratings for micro-optics is usually by etching into glass, semiconductor or polymer surfaces, or through replication in polymers; origination is often achieved using interference lithography [37] .…”

Section: Gratingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Micro-optics: a micro-tutorial

Zappe

2012

Advanced Optical Technologies

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Micro-optics represents a rich discipline with many features not found in classical optics. Yet micro-optics is not merely ' small optics ' . Using the technologies of microfabrication, entirely new fabrication processes, new materials and new types of optical devices have been conceived. Here, we provide a brief introduction to the fi eld, discussing a variety of miniaturized optical components, as well as the materials from which they are made and the novel technologies used to fabricate them. Designed as a tutorial, this brief pr é cis includes adequate literature references to guide the interested reader to more in-depth treatments.

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“…A two-beam interferometric configuration is used for the exposure in conjunction with an Ar-ion ultraviolet wavelength of 363.8 nm. The optimal recording conditions to obtain high diffraction efficiency grating couplers can be determined [37], [38]; they depend on the exposure intensity, exposure dosage, and postbaking after exposure. After the grating is recorded, it can be laminated onto the waveguide; then the Mylar layer can be removed.…”

Section: Fabrication Issuesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Substrate-embedded and flip-chip-bonded photodetector polymer-based optical interconnects: analysis, design, and performance

Glytsis

Jokerst

Villalaz

et al. 2003

J. Lightwave Technol.

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Holographic grating formation in photopolymers: analysis and experimental results based on a nonlocal diffusion model and rigorous coupled-wave analysis

Cited by 68 publications

References 29 publications

Temporal response and first order volume changes during grating formation in photopolymers

Temporal response and first order volume changes during grating formation in photopolymers

Micro-optics: a micro-tutorial

Substrate-embedded and flip-chip-bonded photodetector polymer-based optical interconnects: analysis, design, and performance

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