Home monitoring of sleep with a temporary-tattoo EEG, EOG and EMG electrode array: a feasibility study

Abstract

Objective. Circadian and sleep dysfunction have long been symptomatic hallmarks of a variety of devastating neurodegenerative conditions. The gold standard for sleep monitoring is overnight sleep in a polysomnography (PSG) laboratory. However, this method has several limitations such as availability, cost and being labour-intensive. In recent years there has been a heightened interest in home-based sleep monitoring via wearable sensors. Our objective was to demonstrate the use of printed electrode technology as a novel platform for sleep monitoring. Approach. Printed electrode arrays offer exciting opportunities in the realm of wearable electrophysiology. In particular, soft electrodes can conform neatly to the wearer’s skin, allowing user convenience and stable recordings. As such, soft skin-adhesive non-gel-based electrodes offer a unique opportunity to combine electroencephalography (EEG), electromyography (EMG), electrooculography (EOG) and facial EMG capabilities to capture neural and motor functions in comfortable non-laboratory settings. In this investigation temporary-tattoo dry electrode system for sleep staging analysis was designed, implemented and tested. Main results. EMG, EOG and EEG were successfully recorded using a wireless system. Stable recordings were achieved both at a hospital environment and a home setting. Sleep monitoring during a 6 h session shows clear differentiation of sleep stages. Significance. The new system has great potential in monitoring sleep disorders in the home environment. Specifically, it may allow the identification of disorders associated with neurological disorders such as rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder.

A Protocol for Comparing Dry and Wet EEG Electrodes During Sleep

“…In addition, parameters are compared epoch-by-epoch (Griessenberger et al, 2013;Sterr et al, 2018). In a feasibility study of a tattoo-based electrode setup for sleep, four nights were recorded at the subjects' home, and sleep is scored by an expert to qualitatively evaluate the EEG and to visually determine whether typical sleep patterns (e.g., spindles and slow waves) can be distinguished (Shustak et al, 2019). Introducing additional quantitative measures, Ferster et al (2019) compare the correlation of the mean square power in the delta (0.5-4 Hz) and sigma (10-15 Hz) bands during NREM sleep.…”

Ink‐Based Additive Nanomanufacturing of Functional Materials for Human‐Integrated Smart Wearables

“…[848][849][850] Typical electrophysiological signals include electrocardiogram (ECG) measuring biopotential variation of heart, [8,851] electroencephalogram (EEG) measuring bioelectric activity of brain, [852,853] electromyography (EMG) monitoring biopotentials yielded by muscle activities, [854,855] and electrooculography (EOG) detecting corneo-retinal dipole potential variation from eye movements. [856,857] These signals from the human body could be noninvasively detected through human skin using wearable electrodes. [858] Typical electrophysiological signals exhibit a wide frequency regime from 1 Hz to a few kHz and a voltage range from 1 μV to 1 V. [859] To monitor such weak biopotentials, wearable electrodes should have high electrical conductivities to ensure high signal-to-noise ratios, superior mechanical properties for good self-adhesion on the human skin, and low motion artifacts for precise biopotentials monitoring.…”

Privacy and Security of IoT Based Healthcare Systems: Concerns, Solutions, and Recommendations

“…Typically, examining a person's sleep requires an overnight sleep test (Fig. 1) or polysomnography (PSG) that allows the monitoring of several physiological functions besides sleep cycles [4,22]. Although the PSG, or as known as the gold standard for sleep monitoring, provides real-time and accurate information about sleep, it is cumbersome, expensive, and time-consuming.…”