Homeostasis, the Milieu Intérieur, and the Wisdom of the Nephron

Hoenig, Melanie P.; Zeidel, Mark L.

doi:10.2215/cjn.08860813

Cited by 89 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 70 publications

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“…The reabsorption of the solutes and ions is dependent on the function of a wide variety of channels and transporters localized on the luminal membrane of the epithelial cells that form the nephron tubules . The coordinated action of the channels and transport systems in the nephron results in the fine‐tuning of the plasma composition that is essential for the normal functioning of the body . The expression and function of these systems are regulated by a complex array of hormones, including the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system and vasopressin .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification and classification of epithelial cells in nephron segments by actin cytoskeleton patterns

Kumaran

Hanukoglu

2019

The FEBS Journal

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The basic functional unit in a kidney is the nephron, which is a long and morphologically segmented tubule. The nephron begins with a cluster of capillaries called glomerulus through which the blood is filtered into the Bowman's space. The filtrate flows through the nephron segments. During this flow, electrolytes and solutes are reabsorbed by channels and transport systems into the capillaries wrapped around the nephron. Many questions related to renal function focus on identifying the sites of expression of these systems. In this study, we mapped whole kidney sections by confocal microscopic imaging of fluorescent phalloidin, which binds to actin filaments. In tile scans (composed of hundreds of images) of these sections, the cortex and the medullary regions (outer and inner stripes of the outer medulla, and inner medulla) could be easily identified by their cytoskeletal patterns. At a higher resolution, we identified distinct features of the actin cytoskeleton in the apical, basal, and lateral borders of the cells. These features could be used to identify segments of a nephron (the proximal tubule, thin and thick segments of Henle's loop, and distal tubule), the collecting duct system, the papillary ducts in the papilla, and the urothelium that covers the pelvis. To verify our findings, we used additional markers, including aquaporin isoforms, cytokeratin 8‐18, and WGA lectin. This study highlights the power of high‐resolution confocal microscopy for identifying specific cell types using the simple probe of F‐actin‐binding phalloidin.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification and classification of epithelial cells in nephron segments by actin cytoskeleton patterns

Kumaran

Hanukoglu

2019

The FEBS Journal

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“…It is concerned with many homeostatic mechanisms. It maintains the overall chemical composition of the intracellular environment by regulating the quantity of water, sodium chloride, potassium, phosphate and numerous other substances in the body [3] [4]. It is a common target for toxic xenobiotics due to its capacity to extract and concentrate toxic substances by highly specialized cells and also, due to its large blood flow [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevention of Nephropathy by Some Natural Sources of Antioxidants

Azab¹,

Albasha²,

Elsayed³

2017

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Nephrotoxicity is one of the most common kidney problems and occurs when the body is exposed to a drug or toxin. Natural sources of antioxidants may serve as a vital source of potentially useful new compounds for the development of an effective therapy to combat a variety of kidney problems. Natural antioxidants have a variety of biochemical actions such as inhibition of reactive oxygen species production, scavenging of free radicals. The present review aims to summarize the recent articles which studied some of the nephrotoxic agents, and alleviation of nephrotoxicity using of some natural products possessing antioxidant properties. Our review shows the oxidative damage and renal disorders induced in human and experimental animals by nephrotoxic agents such as gentamicin, alcohol, nicotine, adenine, glycerol, ethylene glycol, sodium nitrite, mercuric chloride, AlCl 3 , lead acetate, carbon tetrachloride (CCl 4 ), furosemide, carbendazim, diazinon, heat stress, and γ-radiation. Also, nephrotic disorders caused in diabetic rats, patients, cirrhotic ascetic patients, and ischemia-reperfusion. Administration of natural sources of antioxidants such as curcumin, garlic, fenugreek, parsley, peppermint, pomegranate, propolis, olive leaves, rosemary, and sesame attenuated both physiological and histopathological alterations induced in the kidney by the nephrotoxic agent and certain diseases. The nephroprotective effect of the former natural sources of antioxidants may be due to the enhancement of antioxidant activity and inhibition of tissue lipid peroxidation. It can be concluded that administration of curcumin, garlic, fenugreek, parsley, peppermint, pomegranate, propolis, olive leaves, rosemary, and sesame showed a remarkable kidney protection against nephrotoxic agents, and diseases induced renal dysfunctions in human and experimental animals. So, the present study recommended that the consumption of these natural sources of antioxidants may be useful for human exposure to nephrotoxic agents and patients who suffer from renal diseases.

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“…This is important for many lower organisms that have developed elaborate mechanisms for cell volume regulation, and usually involves not only water transport but also ion fluxes (mostly Na + , K + , and Cl -) across membranes to recover from excessive swelling or shrinkage when they are exposed to external fluids of different osmolality (e.g., from salty seawater to dilute rainwater) [1] . While these ion transport mechanisms also exist in mammals, much of the regulatory "homeostatic" function in higher organisms is achieved by maintaining a constant internal environment in which our cells reside -the famous "milieu intérieur" or "the sea inside" defined by Claude Bernard [2] . This is achieved in large part by the action of the kidneys, in coordination with brain sensing of plasma volume and concentration (osmolality), and then reacting by increasing or reducing the amount of water that they release into the urine.…”

Section: Why Do We Need Water Channels?mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Discovery of Water Channels (Aquaporins)

Brown

2017

Ann Nutr Metab

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The movement of water into and out of cells is a fundamental biological process that is essential for life. Such water movement not only regulates the activity of individual cells but also is responsible for the functioning of many organ systems and for maintaining whole body water balance. It had long been suspected that water movement across biological cell membranes was in some way enhanced or facilitated by pores or channels, but the search to identify these channels was long and tedious. As is often the case in science, the secret of the water channel was eventually discovered by chance in 1992 by Peter Agre and his colleagues at the Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, who were working on red blood cell membrane proteins. This “first” water channel was originally named CHIP28 and is now known as aquaporin 1. Agre received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2003 for this discovery. There are currently 13 known aquaporins in mammals, distributed in most tissues, but many more have been identified in lower organisms and in the plant kingdom. The involvement of aquaporins in processes such as urinary concentration and body fluid homeostasis, brain function, glandular secretion, skin hydration, male fertility, hearing, vision, and most important body functions that can be imagined are now all under intense scientific scrutiny. Moreover, defects in aquaporin function have been related to various disease conditions and pathological states. This brief review will discuss their background, discovery, and function in selected bodily processes, especially focusing on hydration.

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Homeostasis, the Milieu Intérieur, and the Wisdom of the Nephron

Cited by 89 publications

References 70 publications

Identification and classification of epithelial cells in nephron segments by actin cytoskeleton patterns

Identification and classification of epithelial cells in nephron segments by actin cytoskeleton patterns

Prevention of Nephropathy by Some Natural Sources of Antioxidants

The Discovery of Water Channels (Aquaporins)

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