Homeostatic Responses to Prolonged Cold Exposure: Human Cold Acclimatization

Young, Andrew

doi:10.1002/cphy.cp040119

Cited by 46 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…Even if the current data failed to show significant differences in thermal sensation and discomfort responses between the control group and the elite skiers, previous studies showed that cold adaptation/habituation can improve thermal sensation and comfort [11]. In the absence of a 'cold habituation' intervention, we can only speculate that their usual training in cold environments may have made it possible for elite skiers to maintain their attention focused on the task.…”

Section: Cold Exposure Affects Cognitive Functioncontrasting

confidence: 75%

“…The effect of cold ambient conditions on winter sports athletes remain to be investigated during whole body cold exposure rather than during or after localized segmental cooling. In addition, even if cold acclimatization is minimal in humans [1], repeated cold-exposures induce psychological adaptations such as an increase in thermal comfort [11] and elite alpine skiers might therefore display different responses than the general population.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of Cold on Proprioception and Cognitive Function in Elite Alpine Skiers

Racinais¹,

Gaoua²,

Mtibaa³

et al. 2017

International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance

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Purpose:To determine the effect of cold ambient conditions on proprioception and cognitive function in elite alpine skiers. Methods: 22 high-level Alpine skiers and 14 control participants performed a proprioceptive acuity (active movement extent discrimination) and a cognitive (planning task) test in cold (8ºC) and temperate (24ºC) ambient conditions. Results: All participants displayed an increase in thermal discomfort and in the amount of negative affects in cold environment (all p<0.05). Average proprioceptive acuity was significantly better in the elite skiers (0.46±0.12 deg) than in the control group (0.55±0.12 deg) (p<0.05) and was not affected by cold ambient conditions, except for a shift in the pattern of error (overestimation vs. underestimation, p<0.05). Cognitive performance was similar between elite skiers and control participants in temperate environments, but decreased in the cold in the control group only (p<0.05) becoming lower than in elite skiers (p<0.05). Conclusion: Elite alpine skiers showed a significantly better proprioceptive acuity than a control population and were also able to maintain their performance during a cognitive task in cold environment.

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Section: Cold Exposure Affects Cognitive Functioncontrasting

confidence: 75%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Cold on Proprioception and Cognitive Function in Elite Alpine Skiers

Racinais¹,

Gaoua²,

Mtibaa³

et al. 2017

International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance

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“…Studies were conducted in the morning or early afternoon during the summer months of a northern temperate climate. Because of the time of year of the testing (summer), it is unlikely that subjects were cold acclimatized and thus blood pressure responses to cold exposure should not be affected (42). The Institutional Review Board at the Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine approved the experiments, and written consent was obtained from all subjects prior to testing.…”

Section: Subjectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of aging on cardiac function during cold stress in humans

Wilson

Gao

Hess

et al. 2010

American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comp

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determine whether skin surface cooling increases left ventricular preload and contractility to a greater extent in older compared with young adults we studied 11 young (28 Ϯ 2 yr; means Ϯ SE) and 11 older (64 Ϯ 3 yr) adults during normothermia (35°C water perfused through a tube-lined suit) and cooling (15°C water perfused for 20 min) using standard and tissue Doppler echocardiography. Cooling significantly decreased skin surface temperature in young (⌬2.8 Ϯ 0.3°C) and older (⌬3.0 Ϯ 0.3°C) adults and increased rate-pressure product, an index of myocardial oxygen demand, in older (6,932 Ϯ 445 to 7,622 Ϯ 499 mmHg · beats/ min for normothermia and cooling, respectively), but not young (7,085 Ϯ 438 to 7,297 Ϯ 438 mmHg · beats/min) adults. Increases in blood pressure (systolic and mean blood pressure) during cooling were greater (P Ͻ 0.05) in older than in young adults. Cooling increased preload in older (left ventricular end-diastolic volume from 106 Ϯ 7 to 126 Ϯ 9 ml and left ventricular internal diameter in diastole from 4.69 Ϯ 0.12 to 4.95 Ϯ 0.14 cm; both P Ͻ 0.01), but not young adults (left ventricular end-diastolic volume from 107 Ϯ 7 to 111 Ϯ 7 ml and left ventricular internal diameter in diastole from 4.70 Ϯ 0.10 to 4.78 Ϯ 0.10 cm). Indices of left ventricular contractility (ejection fraction, myocardial acceleration during isovolumic contraction, and peak systolic mitral annulus velocity) were unchanged during cooling in both young and older adults. Collectively, these data indicate that cooling increases left ventricular preload, without affecting left ventricular contractility in older but not young adults. Greater increases in preload and afterload during cooling in older adults contribute to greater increases in indices of myocardial oxygen demand and may help explain the increased risk of cardiovascular events in cold weather.tissue Doppler imaging; echocardiography; age CARDIOVASCULAR-RELATED MORTALITY increases in the cold winter months, particularly in older adults (10,12,23,24,28,40). Associations between increased cardiovascular-related mortality and cold temperatures may be mediated, in part, by acute physiological responses to cold, which include peripheral and visceral vasoconstriction, elevated plasma norepinephrine, and diuresis (33, 38). Recently, we reported an augmented increase in arterial blood pressure during acute cold exposure (nonpainful and noninternal temperature lowering) in older adults (15). This augmented pressor response to cold stress in older adults was strongly associated with increased levels of central arterial stiffness before cooling and an increase in rate-pressure product during cooling (15). This effect appears to be confined to older adults as neither rate-pressure product nor cardiac minute work increase during similar cold exposure in young adults (36,38).Myocardial oxygen demand is affected by a number of factors (17) that may be altered by acute (i.e., cold stress) and chronic processes (i.e., aging). For instance, cold stress that does not induce shivering or d...

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“…Adjustments found in persons with recurring exposure to cold are habituation, metabolic acclimatization, and insulative acclimatization. 111 Cold-induced habituation manifests itself as a decreased shivering and vasoconstriction response during cold exposure compared with nonacclimatized exposures. Some individuals may also have a greater decrease in core temperature than nonacclimatized persons; this is known as hypothermic habituation.…”

Section: Influence Of Wind Rain and Immersionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hypothermic habituation, however, occurs with longer exposures in moderate temperatures during consecutive days over a period greater than 2 weeks. 111 Metabolic acclimatization is characterized by a more pronounced shivering response to cold and typically occurs after long-term exposures. Insulative acclimatization is produced by greater conservation of heat during exposure to cold.…”

Section: Influence Of Wind Rain and Immersionmentioning

confidence: 99%

National Athletic Trainers' Association Position Statement: Environmental Cold Injuries

Cappaert

Stone²,

Castellani

et al. 2008

Journal of Athletic Training

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Objective: To present recommendations for the prevention, recognition, and treatment of environmental cold injuries.Background: Individuals engaged in sport-related or workrelated physical activity in cold, wet, or windy conditions are at risk for environmental cold injuries. An understanding of the physiology and pathophysiology, risk management, recognition, and immediate care of environmental cold injuries is an essential skill for certified athletic trainers and other health care providers working with individuals at risk.Recommendations: These recommendations are intended to provide certified athletic trainers and others participating in athletic health care with the specific knowledge and problem-solving skills needed to address environmental cold injuries. Each recommendation has been graded (A, B, or C) according to the Strength of Recommendation Taxonomy criterion scale.

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Homeostatic Responses to Prolonged Cold Exposure: Human Cold Acclimatization

Cited by 46 publications

References 54 publications

Effect of Cold on Proprioception and Cognitive Function in Elite Alpine Skiers

Effect of Cold on Proprioception and Cognitive Function in Elite Alpine Skiers

Effect of aging on cardiac function during cold stress in humans

National Athletic Trainers' Association Position Statement: Environmental Cold Injuries

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