Homogeneity of sol-gel derived silica-titania waveguide films – Spectroscopic and AFM studies

Karasiński, Paweł; Domanowska, A.; Gondek, E.; Sikora, Andrzej; Tyszkiewicz, Cuma; Skolik, M.

doi:10.1016/j.optlastec.2019.105840

Cited by 15 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…Furthermore, the WG film thickness can be precisely adjusted with the properly selected withdrawal speed of the substrate from sol. In [20], a linear dependence between the withdrawal speed of the sample and the thickness of the deposited SiO2:TiO2 film has been shown, with the film thickness ranging from 200 nm to 350 nm. Recently, with further technological development, we have been able to demonstrate WG films with thicknesses reaching 500 nm.…”

Section: Effective Refractive Index Analysismentioning

confidence: 94%

Mode Sensitivity Exploration of Silica–Titania Waveguide for Refractive Index Sensing Applications

Butt

Kaźmierczak

Tyszkiewicz

et al. 2021

Sensors

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In this paper, a novel and cost-effective photonic platform based on silica–titania material is discussed. The silica–titania thin films were grown utilizing the sol–gel dip-coating method and characterized with the help of the prism-insertion technique. Afterwards, the mode sensitivity analysis of the silica–titania ridge waveguide is investigated via the finite element method. Silica–titania waveguide systems are highly attractive due to their ease of development, low fabrication cost, low propagation losses and operation in both visible and near-infrared wavelength ranges. Finally, a ring resonator (RR) sensor device was modelled for refractive index sensing applications, offering a sensitivity of 230 nm/RIU, a figure of merit (FOM) of 418.2 RIU−1, and Q-factor of 2247.5 at the improved geometric parameters. We believe that the abovementioned integrated photonics platform is highly suitable for high-performance and economically reasonable optical sensing devices.

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Section: Effective Refractive Index Analysismentioning

confidence: 94%

Mode Sensitivity Exploration of Silica–Titania Waveguide for Refractive Index Sensing Applications

Butt

Kaźmierczak

Tyszkiewicz

et al. 2021

Sensors

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show abstract

“…For this purpose, the reflection spectra of the film and those of the substrate were compared. When the film is optically homogeneous, then in the spectral range away from the absorption edge, the interference minima of the reflection spectrum of the film lie on the reflection characteristics of the substrate [ 41 , 42 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The subject of this work involves composite films SiO x :TiO y of high refractive index, fabricated by the sol–gel method and dip-coating technique. Binary composite films SiO x :TiO y with the proportion of components SiO x :TiO y = 1:1 have been investigated by us for many years [ 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 ]. The films developed by us have high refractive index n ~1.8, low optical losses, they remain stable over many years [ 40 ] and are characterized by high chemical and optical homogeneity [ 41 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Binary composite films SiO x :TiO y with the proportion of components SiO x :TiO y = 1:1 have been investigated by us for many years [ 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 ]. The films developed by us have high refractive index n ~1.8, low optical losses, they remain stable over many years [ 40 ] and are characterized by high chemical and optical homogeneity [ 41 ]. These films are the material platform on which we develop the structures of integrated optics for applications in chemical/biochemical evanescent wave sensors [ 38 , 39 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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High Refractive Index Silica-Titania Films Fabricated via the Sol–Gel Method and Dip-Coating Technique—Physical and Chemical Characterization

et al. 2021

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Crack-free binary SiOx:TiOy composite films with the refractive index of ~1.94 at wavelength 632.8 nm were fabricated on soda-lime glass substrates, using the sol–gel method and dip-coating technique. With the use of transmission spectrophotometry and Tauc method, the energy of the optical band gap of 3.6 eV and 4.0 eV were determined for indirect and direct optical allowed transitions, respectively. Using the reflectance spectrophotometry method, optical homogeneity of SiOx:TiOy composite films was confirmed. The complex refractive index determined by spectroscopic ellipsometry confirmed good transmission properties of the developed SiOx:TiOy films in the Vis-NIR spectral range. The surface morphology of the SiOx:TiOy films by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) methods demonstrated their high smoothness, with the root mean square roughness at the level of ~0.15 nm. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy were used to investigate the chemical properties of the SiOx:TiOy material. The developed binary composite films SiOx:TiOy demonstrate good waveguide properties, for which optical losses of 1.1 dB/cm and 2.7 dB/cm were determined, for fundamental TM0 and TE0 modes, respectively.

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“…Due to their potential optical utilization, materials such as silica (SiO 2 ), titania (TiO 2 ), and silica–titania (SiO 2 -TiO 2 ) developed via the sol–gel method have been widely studied [ 1 ]. They have been exploited to make planar, rib, and ridge waveguides for optical connection with good optical features and low optical transmission losses [ 2 , 3 , 4 ]. The sol–gel method is straightforward and low-cost [ 5 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Subwavelength Grating Waveguide Structures Proposed on the Low-Cost Silica–Titania Platform for Optical Filtering and Refractive Index Sensing Applications

Butt

Tyszkiewicz

Wojtasik

et al. 2022

IJMS

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The sol–gel dip-coating method is a cost-efficient way for the realization of thin films on a planar substrate. In this work, high-quality, low-loss, and low-surface roughness silica–titania thin films are deposited on a glass substrate with the sol–gel dip-coating method. This platform works in the visible to near-IR wavelength ranges and can be useful for several eye-catching photonic components. The paper is comprised of two parts: the first part deals with the development of a low-cost silica–titania waveguide system, whereas the second part provides detail on the numerical modeling of the SWG waveguide filter and SWG waveguide FP-sensor design. The SWG waveguide NIR-stopband filter can achieve an ER of >40 dB and 3-dB bandwidth of 110 nm designed at optimized parameters. The SWG waveguide-FP structure proposed in this work act as a refractive index sensor where the sensitivity is ~120 nm/RIU by reducing the width of the waveguide. This sensitivity can be further enhanced by reducing the waveguide height. We believe that this work is quite important for the realization of low-cost integrated photonic devices based on the silica–titania platform developed via the sol–gel dip-coating method.

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Homogeneity of sol-gel derived silica-titania waveguide films – Spectroscopic and AFM studies

Cited by 15 publications

References 36 publications

Mode Sensitivity Exploration of Silica–Titania Waveguide for Refractive Index Sensing Applications

Mode Sensitivity Exploration of Silica–Titania Waveguide for Refractive Index Sensing Applications

High Refractive Index Silica-Titania Films Fabricated via the Sol–Gel Method and Dip-Coating Technique—Physical and Chemical Characterization

Subwavelength Grating Waveguide Structures Proposed on the Low-Cost Silica–Titania Platform for Optical Filtering and Refractive Index Sensing Applications

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