Homologous whole blood transfusion for treatment of severe anemia in five Eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina)

Louis, Meghan M.; Cerreta, Anthony J.; Griffioen, John A; Mehalick, Michelle; Lewbart, Gregory A.; Petritz, Olivia A.

doi:10.1053/j.jepm.2020.05.013

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…The platelets of mammals are relatively short‐lived as the life spans range between 10 days in humans and 5 days in mice (Johnson et al, 2018; Lebois & Josefsson, 2016). Taking in our consideration the mean erythrocyte lifespan in reptiles ranges between 600 to 800 days while in humans it is only 120 days, thrombocytes have a longer lifespan of thrombocytes in reptiles (Louis et al, 2020; Olsson et al, 2020). It is assumed that the slow metabolic rate of reptiles is closely related to the exceedingly slow turnover of erythrocytes comparing to other vertebrates (Khalaf et al, 2020; Stacy et al, 2011).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Morphological and cytochemical characteristics ofVaranus niloticus(Squamata, Varanidae) blood cells

Soliman

Abd‐Elhafeez

Mohamed

et al. 2023

Microscopy Res & Technique

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Varanus niloticus is a lizard residing within the Varanidae family. To date no studies detailing its blood morphology and characteristics have been conducted. This study used histologically stained blood and bone marrow samples to visualize the cells and their characteristics. The erythrocytes were nucleated, these nuclei were located in the middle of the elliptical cells. Hemoglobin filled the erythrocyte cytoplasm. Eosinophils were large cells with lobed nuclei and spherical acidophilic granules. Large granulocytes called heterophils were present and characterized by their fusiform/ pleomorphic cytoplasmic granules. Small spherical granulocytes, known as basophils, presented with round, deeply stained metachromatic granules that gave the cytoplasm a dusty or cobblestoned appearance which was able to cover the nucleus, which in turn had an unusual shape. Thrombocytes ranged in shape from ellipsoidal to fusiform. They featured an elliptical, centrally located nucleus and a pale cytoplasm, with small vacuoles, and fine acidophilic granulation. The smallest variety of non-granular leukocytes was the lymphocytes. Their cytoplasm was sparse, finely granular, light blue, had tiny cytoplasmic projections, featuring a high nucleus: cytoplasm ratio. Larger and smaller sized populations of lymphocytes were distinguished, with the larger cells similar in size to azurophils. In general, the pleomorphic monocytes were the biggest mononuclear leucocytes, displaying cytoplasmic projections.Their nuclei were ovoid, kidney-or bean-shaped, with vacuolated and granular cytoplasms. Round cells were common among the monocytic azurophils, and they had a granular cytoplasm, and their nuclei were typically eccentric. The present research identifies the cell types and morphologies within the Varanus niloticus. Highlights• H&E, PAS, toluidine blue, methylene blue, and Safranin O stains provided morphological and morphometric descriptions of Varanus niloticus blood cells from blood smears and bone marrow.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Morphological and cytochemical characteristics ofVaranus niloticus(Squamata, Varanidae) blood cells

Soliman

Abd‐Elhafeez

Mohamed

et al. 2023

Microscopy Res & Technique

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“…Anaemia caused by acute blood loss is a common clinical presentation in reptiles (Wu and Chie 2014). While some authors mention that blood transfusions are uncommon in reptile practice as most severe cases of anaemia are chronic in nature (Divers and Camus 2020), a number of reports document that reptile patients with acute severe anaemia could benefit from single or multiple blood transfusions (McCracken et al 1994;Wack and Anderson 2004;Mehalick et al 2007;Wu and Chie 2014;Louis et al 2020). Successful heterologous blood transfusions with or without cross-matching (a simple slide agglutination test between the recipient and the donors) have been performed in semi-aquatic terrapins (Wu andChie 2014) andpythons (McCracken et al 1994).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Reptile patients are presented to veterinary clinics with chronic diseases as well as acute lifethreatening traumatic injuries. In chronic diseases, physical examinations are very often unremarkable -revealing general symptoms such as apathy, dyspnoea, sunken eyes, exercise intolerance and/ or pale oral mucosa (Gibbons and Darbo-McLeffan 2009), while the laboratory findings include severe hypoproteinaemia, low haematocrit and anaemia that may require intensive care, including blood transfusions (McCracken et al 1994;Wack and Anderson 2004;Mehalick et al 2007;Wu and Chie 2014;Louis et al 2020). In acute cases, such as bone fractures, prolapse or severe soft tissues lesions, haemorrhages secondary to traumatic injuries are present.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A homologous blood transfusion may prevent life-threatening blood loss (Gibbons and Darbo-McLeffan 2009) and should be considered in all cases where the reptilian haematocrit is 15% or less (Morrisey 2010). In wildlife hospitals, rescue or rehabilitation centres, healthy donor reptiles may be available (Louis et al 2020). However, in private clinical practice, the stressful challenge of searching for a suitable blood donor could be overcome by storing preserved blood for emergency purposes.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Influence of blood storage on the haematological values in captive green iguanas (Iguana iguana)

Koleckarova¹,

Knotková²,

Knotek³

2022

Vet. Med. - Czech

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of long-term blood storage in citrate-phosphate-dextrose-adenine (CPDA-1) on selected haematological values in the green iguana. Seven adult captive-bred green iguanas (Iguana iguana) were enrolled in this study. Samples of CPDA-1-blood mixture (ratio 1 : 7) were kept at 4 °C for 28 days. Haematological examinations were performed immediately after the blood was collected (D0) and repeated at one-week intervals (D7, D14, D21 and D28). The total erythrocyte and leukocyte counts at D21 and D28 differed significantly from the values at D0 (P < 0.05). Significant differences (P < 0.05) in the haemoglobin concentrations (in comparison to D0) were detected at D14, D21 and D28. Starting at D14, marked erythrocyte degradation was present in the majority of the samples and various degrees of leukocyte degradation were present in all the samples. The mean haemolytic scores at D0, D7, D14, D21 and D28 were 0.14 ± 0.38, 0.71 ± 0.95, 1.43 ± 0.98, 2.14 ± 1.35 and 2.43 ± 1.62, respectively. The results indicate that it is possible to keep the whole blood of green iguanas in CPDA-1 at 4 °C for seven days, as statistically significant changes in the haematological values begin to appear on the 14<sup>th</sup> day of blood storage.

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Evaluation and Interpretation of the Peripheral Blood and Bone Marrow of Reptiles

2022

Exotic Animal Hematology and Cytology

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Homologous whole blood transfusion for treatment of severe anemia in five Eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina)

Cited by 5 publications

References 29 publications

Morphological and cytochemical characteristics ofVaranus niloticus(Squamata, Varanidae) blood cells

Morphological and cytochemical characteristics ofVaranus niloticus(Squamata, Varanidae) blood cells

Influence of blood storage on the haematological values in captive green iguanas (Iguana iguana)

Evaluation and Interpretation of the Peripheral Blood and Bone Marrow of Reptiles

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