Honeycomb-like 3D carbon skeletons with embedded phosphorus-rich phosphide nanoparticles as advanced anodes for lithium-ion batteries

Abstract

Phosphorus-rich iron phosphides (FeP2) has been regarded as an excellent anode candidate for lithium storage owing to its low cost, high natural abundance, high theoretical capacity, and reasonable redox potential....

Challenges and Prospects of Phosphorus‐based Anode Materials for Secondary Batteries

“…[40] The FeP 2 NPs@CK combines the benefits of low-dimensional nanoparticles and high-dimensional carbon skeleton with significantly enhanced ion/electron transport kinetics, high reversibility of lithium storage, and still provides 620 mAh g À 1 specific capacity after 500 cycles at 1 A g À 1 . [40]…”

“…Mao et al. designed a 3D honeycomb‐like carbon skeleton and embedded iron phosphide (FeP 2 ) nanoparticles within it (represented by FeP 2 NPs@CK) [40] . The FeP 2 NPs@CK combines the benefits of low‐dimensional nanoparticles and high‐dimensional carbon skeleton with significantly enhanced ion/electron transport kinetics, high reversibility of lithium storage, and still provides 620 mAh g −1 specific capacity after 500 cycles at 1 A g −1 [40] …”

Phosphorus-Doped FeOF Nanoparticle-Based Cathodes for Lithium Storage

“…When using O to partially substitute F in FeF 3 , the ionicity of Fe–F is reduced and the lattice defects are increased, which can integrate the advantages of fluoride and oxide. , However, the rate performance and cycle stability of FeOF are still unsatisfactory because of the low ionic/electronic conductivities, the aggregation of Fe nanoparticles, side reactions of Fe with electrolytes, and the high electronegativity of Fe–F. , Significant efforts have been made to overcome these obstacles, including doping heteroatoms, morphology design, preparation of nanomaterials and composite structures, and so forth. ,, Ion doping has been widely regarded as an effective strategy for enhancing structural stability and improving electronic structure/properties; thus, heteroatom doping may be a straightforward way to improve electrochemical performance. − Especially, non-metal dopants might induce the reconstruction of charge distribution around the sites of the parent material, which may improve the redox activity of the material. − However, the relevant electrochemical mechanism caused by non-metal doping has not been clearly understood. Phosphorus has higher electrical conductivity and the ability to reduce the adsorption energy of Li + to facilitate the interfacial kinetics of Li + intercalation. − Moreover, introducing P into the material can alter the charge balance and endow the material with certain pseudocapacitive properties, thereby improving the rate performance of the material. , The weak M–P bond enhances the electrochemical activity and reversible redox reaction characteristics of electrode materials, which can improve the rate performance of LIBs . Furthermore, the design of nanostructures not only shortens the electron/ion transport distance but also alleviates the volume expansion of the material, thereby effectively improving the reaction kinetics .…”

A Dual Organic Solvent Zn-Ion Electrolyte Enables Highly Stable Zn Metal Batteries

“…Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have been widely used in portable electronic devices and potential electric vehicles, owing to their high energy density and long cycle stability. However, limited Li resources and the high cost of Li limit the applications of LIBs in large scale energy storage systems, which are in great demand in the field of intermittent renewable energy, including wind and solar. − As an alternative to LIBs, Zn metal batteries have attracted a great deal of attention for applications in large scale energy storage. Metallic Zn has a high theoretical specific capacity (820 mAh g –1 and 5855 mAh cm –3 ) and reasonable redox potential (−0.76 V vs standard hydrogen electrodes).…”