Hongos formadores de micorrizas arbusculares (HFMA) como estrategia para reducir la absorción de cadmio en plantas de cacao (Theobroma cacao)

Abstract

Colombia is among the countries of Latin America that produce about 80% of f ine or “prime” cocoa of the world; however, cocoa in Colombia has limitations related to the presence of cadmium (Cd) in some soils where it is grown and this reduces the safety of the product. The objective of this study was to evaluate the absorption of cadmium in a cocoa pattern (IMC 67) in association with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) to determine their potential use as Cd immobilizers in medium and long-term. A randomized complete block design with three replications and 20 treatments was established, in 4 × 5 factorial arrangement, one control, three types of mycorrhizae (Glomus macrocarpum, Rhizoglomus intraradices and AMF-native) and f ive Cd doses (0, 6, 12, 18 and 24 mg kg-1). Plant height, dry weight of stem, leaves and roots as well as Cd concentration in stems, leaves and roots were measured. The results showed that cacao plants translocate the Cd easily, that is, they can live under these conditions since it was found in all organs (stems, leaves and roots); however, the treatment inoculated with AMF‑native decreased signif icantly the accumulation of Cd in all the organs evaluated. These results conf irm the benef icial effects that AMF have to alleviate the stress that plants shows when translocating heavy metals such as cadmium.

Co-Inoculation of Sechium edule (Jacq.) Sw. Plants with Rhizophagus intraradices and Azospirillum brasilense to Reduce Phytophthora capsici Damage

“…Alarcón et al [42], mentioned that when inoculating Solanum lycopersicum L. with Glomus mosseae, it favored growth indicators and reduced infestation by the nematode Meloidogyne spp. Other authors such as Perez-Moncada [43], reported that inoculation with three types of Glomus macrocarpum and one of Rhizoglomus intraradices decreased the absorption of cadmium in Theobroma cacao L. plants, registering the above as benefits to reduce stress in the plant. Evaluations carried out [44], with Rhizophagus aggregatus and a consortium of Glomus claroides, Rhizophagus diaphanous, and Paraglomus albidum on seedlings of varieties of Coffea arabica L. showed that inoculation with the consortium registered the highest values in seedling growth, phosphorus assimilation, and health.…”

Hongos micorrizas arbusculares: la simbiosis de los múltiples beneficios

“…El estudio de Bhaduri & Fulekar (2012) estableció el potencial fitorremediador de Ipomoea aquatica en suelos moderadamente contaminados por Cd, el cual muestra mejor acumulación en tejidos vegetales cuándo se inocula con HMA, la acumulación es de hasta 100 mg/l y 88,07 %, sin síntomas visuales de toxicidad, mientras que las plantas sin HMA muestran una marcada reducción del crecimiento a la misma concentración con una acumulación de metal de 73,2 %. Por otro lado, Glomus macrocarpum y Rhizoglomus intraradices son capaces de aliviar el estrés por Cd en cultivos de cacao, por la traslocación de este a todos los órganos (tallos, hojas y raíces) y no al grano de cacao que es de importancia económica en muchos países (Pérez et al, 2019). El Higo Revista Científica / Volumen 12.…”

“…Los hongos micorrizas arbusculares (HMA) han demostrado ser una alternativa biotecnológica que permite optimizar los recursos, ofreciendo un sinnúmero de beneficios como una mejor tolerancia a los factores de estrés abióticos (Porcel et al, 2012), biorremediación por la acumulación de metales pesados (Pérez et al, 2019), bioprotección (Mohamed et al, 2019) su particular sistema radicular los convierte en un aliado natural para la fertilización (Durán et al, 2013). Además, tiene un efecto directo en el ecosistema, ya que mejoran la estructura y agregación del suelo (Barbosa et al, 2019); su asociación incrementa el crecimiento del huésped y cambia los niveles morfológicos, fisiológicos y nutricionales de las plantas (Muñoz, 2018).…”

The Role of Fungi in the Cocoa Production Chain and the Challenge of Climate Change

“…The potential of AMF G. margarita and Acaulospora tuberculata, as well as the strain (PR11) of T. asperellum , promoted cocoa growth and induced resistance against P. megakarya in Cameroon [ 96 ]. Recent studies have shown the beneficial effects that AMF from Colombian cocoa soils to alleviate the stress that T. cacao plants show when translocating heavy metals such as cadmium [ 103 ]. In addition, G. margarita and A. tuberculata significantly reduced susceptibility to P. megakarya in the hybrid genotypes of the F79SA hybrid family of T. cacao [ 104 ].…”