N-Glycanase 1 (NGLY1) deficiency is an ultra-rare, complex and devastating 15 neuromuscular disease. Patients display multi-organ symptoms including developmental delays, 16 movement disorders, seizures, constipation and lack of tear production. NGLY1 is a 17 deglycosylating protein involved in the degradation of misfolded proteins retrotranslocated from 18 the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). NGLY1-deficient cells have been reported to exhibit decreased 19 deglycosylation activity and an increased sensitivity to proteasome inhibitors. We show that the 20 loss of NGLY1 causes substantial changes in the RNA and protein landscape of K562 cells and 21 results in downregulation of proteasomal subunits, consistent with its processing of the 22 transcription factor NFE2L1. We employed the CMap database to predict compounds that can 23 modulate NGLY1 activity. Utilizing our robust K562 screening system, we demonstrate that the 24 compound NVP-BEZ235 (Dactosilib) promotes degradation of NGLY1-dependent substrates, 25 concurrent with increased autophagic flux, suggesting that stimulating autophagy may assist in 26 clearing aberrant substrates during NGLY1 deficiency. 27 28 Running Title -Influence of NGLY1 in K562 cells 29 Total Character count -69,046 (including spaces), 58,645 (excluding spaces) 30

Colombia is among the countries of Latin America that produce about 80% of f ine or “prime” cocoa of the world; however, cocoa in Colombia has limitations related to the presence of cadmium (Cd) in some soils where it is grown and this reduces the safety of the product. The objective of this study was to evaluate the absorption of cadmium in a cocoa pattern (IMC 67) in association with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) to determine their potential use as Cd immobilizers in medium and long-term. A randomized complete block design with three replications and 20 treatments was established, in 4 × 5 factorial arrangement, one control, three types of mycorrhizae (Glomus macrocarpum, Rhizoglomus intraradices and AMF-native) and f ive Cd doses (0, 6, 12, 18 and 24 mg kg-1). Plant height, dry weight of stem, leaves and roots as well as Cd concentration in stems, leaves and roots were measured. The results showed that cacao plants translocate the Cd easily, that is, they can live under these conditions since it was found in all organs (stems, leaves and roots); however, the treatment inoculated with AMF‑native decreased signif icantly the accumulation of Cd in all the organs evaluated. These results conf irm the benef icial effects that AMF have to alleviate the stress that plants shows when translocating heavy metals such as cadmium.

Sugarcane crop for panela production in Colombia presents nutritional limitations especially with the low eff iciency of chemical fertilization. The use of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) optimizes fertilization, making it more eff icient and can reduce the application of synthetic fertilizers. The objective of this study was to evaluate the association of AMF with sugarcane plants for panela production in seedling stage. A characterization of soils was carried out in the regions of Cundinamarca and La Hoya del Río Suárez (Boyacá and Santander), characterized as the main sugarcane for panela production in Colombia and it was found that sugarcane plants establish a natural association with the AMF. The predominant AMF were Glomus microcarpum, Glomus fasciculatum, Glomus sinuosum, four morphotypes of Glomus sp., two of Acaulospora sp. and one of Funneliformis sp. The effect of the inoculation with AMF in the seedling stage was evaluated using three varieties of sugarcane widely cultivated in the Hoya del Río Suárez, CC93-7711 (Pierna Bella), CC93-714 and CC93-7510 (Vende Finca). Eleven (T1 to T8 inoculation with different communities of AMF, T9, T10 and T11 correspond to controls with fertilizations of 10, 50 and 100% of chemical fertilization) were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Plant height and stem diameter, spore quantif ication and percentage of colonization were evaluated. The results showed that the three varieties responded to the benef icial effect of the plant-HMA association, f inding plants with higher yield with respect to the non-inoculated plants. The varieties CC93-7711 (Pierna Bella) and CC93-7510 (Vende Finca) showed a higher percentage of AMF colonization in response to the inoculation of Glomus sp.

The diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) communities in agricultural systems depends on biotic and abiotic factors as well as on cultural practices. This research aimed to evaluate the diversity of AMF present in an altitudinal transect cultivated with cape gooseberry (Physalis peruviana L.). A set of 13 soil samples from cape gooseberry plantations located in the Colombian Andean mountains in the provinces of Cundinamarca and Boyaca were collected during dry (0-20 mm/month) and rainy (150-330 mm/month) seasons between 1500 and 3000 m a.s.l., in order to establish the relationship between the altitudinal characteristics and AMF diversity. The evaluation of the abundance of spores and species and diversity indexes showed the presence of 46 AMF species in the dry season and 31 in the rainy season. This shows the high diversity of AMF in the tropical Andes with spore abundance between 20 and 120 spores 10 g-1 of soil in the rainy season and between 127 and 1531 spores 10 g-1 of soil in the dry season.

Los Hongos Formadores de Micorrizas Arbusculares (HFMA) ayudan al intercambio y movilidad de nutrientes al asociarse con plantas, mejorando los cultivos.  Por tanto, el objetivo fue evaluar HFMA en dos variedades de caña de azúcar para panela en la localidad de Suaita, Santander. Se estableció un diseño de bloques al azar, con tres repeticiones y cuatro tratamientos (T1: Acaulospora mellea, T2: Rhizoglomus irregulare, T3: Control 50% y T4: Control 100% de fertilización) en las variedades CC 93-7711 y CC 93-7510. Se analizó altura, diámetro del tallo, contenido de clorofila, absorción de nutrientes y materia seca en plantas de caña. Se presentaron diferencias significativas en la variedad CC93-7711 en la absorción de N, S, Fe, y Mn con el T2 y en contenido de clorofila a los 15 meses después de trasplante (mdt) con T1 y T2. En la variedad 93-7510 diferencias significativas a los 8 mdt en altura (T1), clorofila total (T2) y a los 15 mdt en absorción de Mn. Las dos variedades a los 15 mdt presentaron valores más altos con T1 y T2 respecto a los controles en las variables de altura, diámetro, clorofila total y materia seca. Se presentó correlación positiva entre la presencia de A. mellea con la absorción de Na, Cu, Mn, S, N y P y Rhizoglomus irregulare con Mg, Fe y Ca. Por lo anterior se puede concluir que los HFMA pueden sustituir parcialmente la fertilización de síntesis, haciéndola más efectiva, promoviendo plantas mejor nutridas con mayor producción de materia seca.