Hookworm virulence factors: making the most of the host

Periago, María Victoria; Bethony, Jeffrey M.

doi:10.1016/j.micinf.2012.09.002

Cited by 21 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 110 publications

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“…The nematodes develop on the host feces to the IJ stage, and the IJs then find and infect new hosts. The soil-dwelling IJs infect by skin penetration, commonly through the feet [28, 29]. The IJs typically migrate through the circulatory system to the lungs, where they penetrate the alveoli and cause irritation and a dry cough.…”

Section: Host Seeking By Mammalian-parasitic Nematodesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Strongyloides species can undergo one or a limited number of free-living generations outside of the host, and Str. stercoralis can cycle through multiple generations inside the same host (Figure 1C) [28, 29]. …”

Section: Host Seeking By Mammalian-parasitic Nematodesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“… A. Ecology of select nematode species, with common hosts indicated [28, 29, 31, 96–98]. Green = free-living, blue = insect-parasitic, red = skin-penetrating, brown = passively ingested.…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

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Mechanisms of host seeking by parasitic nematodes

Gang

Hallem

2016

Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology

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The phylum Nematoda comprises a diverse group of roundworms that includes parasites of vertebrates, invertebrates, and plants. Human-parasitic nematodes infect approximately one billion people worldwide and cause some of the most common neglected tropical diseases, particularly in low-resource countries [1]. Parasitic nematodes of livestock and crops result in billions of dollars in losses each year [1]. Many nematode infections are treatable with low-cost anthelmintic drugs, but repeated infections are common in endemic areas and drug resistance is a growing concern with increasing therapeutic and agricultural administration [1]. Many parasitic nematodes have an environmental infective larval stage that engages in host seeking, a process whereby the infective larvae use sensory cues to search for hosts. Host seeking is a complex behavior that involves multiple sensory modalities, including olfaction, gustation, thermosensation, and humidity sensation. As the initial step of the parasite-host interaction, host seeking could be a powerful target for preventative intervention. However, host-seeking behavior remains poorly understood. Here we review what is currently known about the host-seeking behaviors of different parasitic nematodes, including insect-parasitic nematodes, mammalian-parasitic nematodes, and plant-parasitic nematodes. We also discuss the neural bases of these behaviors.

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Section: Host Seeking By Mammalian-parasitic Nematodesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Host Seeking By Mammalian-parasitic Nematodesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mechanisms of host seeking by parasitic nematodes

Gang

Hallem

2016

Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology

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“…In the case of intestinal infections, this anemia is believed to be caused primarily by intestinal hemorrhage, reduced iron absorption or decreased bioavailability of iron [29]. Inflammatory responses to the infections including the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and/or the resultant upregulation of hepcidin additionally appear to inhibit erythropoiesis, as in the anemia of chronic disease [4], [27].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simply red: A novel spectrophotometric erythroid proliferation assay as a tool for erythropoiesis and erythrotoxicity studies

Boehm

Bell

2014

Biotechnology Reports

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Most mammalian cell proliferation assays rely on manual or automated cell counting or the assessment of metabolic activity in colorimetric assays, with the former being either labor and time intensive or expensive and the latter being multistep procedures requiring the addition of several reagents. The proliferation of erythroid cells from hematopoietic stem cells and their differentiation into mature red blood cells is characterized by the accumulation of large amounts of hemoglobin. Hemoglobin concentrations are easily quantifiable using spectrophotometric methods due to the specific absorbance peak of the molecule’s heme moiety between 400 and 420 nm. Erythroid proliferation can therefore be readily assessed using spectrophotometric measurement in this range. We have used this feature of erythroid cells to develop a simple erythroid proliferation assay that is minimally labor/time- and reagent-intensive and could easily be automated for use in high-throughput screening. Such an assay can be a valuable tool for investigations into hematological disorders where erythropoiesis is dysregulated, i.e., either inhibited or enhanced, into the development of anemia as a side-effect of primary diseases such as parasitic infections and into cyto-(particularly erythro-) toxicity of chemical agents or drugs.

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“…R. Alan Wilson discusses the lack of animal models for the human disease [24]. Periago and Bethony point out that the immune response to the hookworm appears to be a key factor for hookworm development [25]. All these studies illustrate, on the one hand, the diversity of the parasites' virulence factors and, on the other hand, exquisite similarities in some the strategies used to cause infection.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%