Hormonal contraception during lactation

Truitt, Sarah T.; Fraser, Anna; Grimes, David A.; Gallo, Maria F; Schulz, Kenneth F.

doi:10.1016/s0010-7824(03)00133-1

Cited by 55 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 18 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Two studies cite breastfeeding as the most frequent reason given by women for non-use of contraception [16, 38]. Women were found to avoid using hormonal contraception while breastfeeding due to a belief that hormonal methods could reduce milk production, and transfer hormones into milk that may harm the infant [61, 62]. In several studies, contraceptive use was also significantly higher among women who reported wanting to limit or space their next births compared to women who reported having a desire for more children [8, 37, 38, 50].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A systematic review and meta-analysis of postpartum contraceptive use among women in low- and middle-income countries

et al. 2019

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

BackgroundShort birth intervals increase risk for adverse maternal and infant outcomes including preterm birth, low birth weight (LBW), and infant mortality. Although postpartum family planning (PPFP) is an increasingly high priority for many countries, uptake and need for PPFP varies in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to characterize postpartum contraceptive use, and predictors and barriers to use, among postpartum women in LMIC.MethodsPubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Scopus, Web of Science, and Global Health databases were searched for articles and abstracts published between January 1997 and May 2018. Studies with data on contraceptive uptake through 12 months postpartum in low- and middle-income countries were included. We used random-effects models to compute pooled estimates and confidence intervals of modern contraceptive prevalence rates (mCPR), fertility intentions (birth spacing and birth limiting), and unmet need for contraception in the postpartum period.ResultsAmong 669 studies identified, 90 were selected for full-text review, and 35 met inclusion criteria. The majority of studies were from East Africa, West Africa, and South Asia/South East Asia. The overall pooled mCPR during the postpartum period across all regions was 41.2% (95% CI: 15.7–69.1%), with lower pooled mCPR in West Africa (36.3%; 95% CI: 27.0–45.5%). The pooled prevalence of unmet need was 48.5% (95% CI: 19.1–78.0%) across all regions, and highest in South Asia/South East Asia (59.4, 95% CI: 53.4–65.4%). Perceptions of low pregnancy risk due to breastfeeding and postpartum amenorrhea were commonly associated with lack of contraceptive use and use of male condoms, withdrawal, and abstinence. Women who were not using contraception were also less likely to utilize maternal and child health (MCH) services and reside in urban settings, and be more likely to have a fear of method side effects and receive inadequate FP counseling. In contrast, women who received FP counseling in antenatal and/or postnatal care were more likely to use PPFP.ConclusionsPPFP use is low and unmet need for contraception following pregnancy in LMIC is high. Tailored counseling approaches may help overcome misconceptions and meet heterogeneous needs for PPFP.

show abstract

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A systematic review and meta-analysis of postpartum contraceptive use among women in low- and middle-income countries

et al. 2019

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…This approach of categorizing chemicals based on biological mechanism has been previously applied in studies of cancer [58] and thyroid function [26]. However, there are limited data from in vitro and animal studies that allow for the categorization of the endocrine-disrupting potential of specific chemicals, the results of these studies are often conflicting [59, 60], and some chemicals have multiple mechanisms. Using principal components models we could not account for the relative potency of a chemical or whether chemicals act synergistically or antagonistically, but our findings largely supported the results generated from separate models for each chemical.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Serum Persistent Organic Pollutants and Duration of Lactation among Mexican-American Women

Weldon

Webster

Harley

et al. 2010

Journal of Environmental and Public Health

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background. Research suggests that estrogenic endocrine-disrupting chemicals interfere with lactation. Objectives. (1) to determine if estrogenic persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are associated with shortened lactation duration; (2) to determine whether previous breastfeeding history biases associations. Methods and Results. We measured selected organochlorines and polychlorinated biphenyls (p, p′-DDE, p, p′-DDT, o, p′-DDT, β-hexachlorocyclohexane, hexachlorobenzene, and PCBs 44, 49, 52, 118, 138, 153, and 180) in serum from 366 low-income, Mexican-American pregnant women living in an agricultural region of California and assessed breastfeeding duration by questionnaires. We found no association between DDE, DDT, or estrogenic POPs with shortened lactation duration, but rather associations for two potentially estrogenic POPs with lengthened lactation duration arose (HR [95% CI]: 0.6 [0.4, 0.8] for p, p′-DDE & 0.8 [0.6, 1.0] for PCB 52). Associations between antiestrogenic POPs (PCBs 138 and 180) and shortened lactation duration were attributed to a lactation history bias. Conclusion. Estrogenic POPs were not associated with shortened lactation duration, but may be associated with longer lactation duration.

show abstract

“…From the initial group, 25 women were excluded due to the incomplete data ( N = 9), unusual dietary intake of carbohydrates or fats (very high carbohydrates or fats intake) ( N = 2), measurement error in breast circumference ( N = 1), very high‐protein content in breast milk (>3 SD) ( N = 1), and infant's very high birth weight (4900 g) ( N = 1). Furthermore, since maternal BMI (Wojcik et al, 2009) and hormonal contraception may affect breast milk production (Truitt et al, 2003), mothers with BMI lower than 17 kg/m 2 and greater than 35 kg/m 2 ( N = 6) or declaring hormonal contraception use ( N = 5) were also excluded from the sample. The final study sample consisted of 137 exclusively breastfeeding on‐demand, well‐nourished, healthy mothers of infants from uncomplicated pregnancies.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Breast size in lactating women and the content of macronutrients in human milk

Babiszewska‐Aksamit,

Żelaźniewicz,

Apanasewicz

et al. 2024

American J Hum Biol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

IntroductionAlthough the primary function of a woman's breast is milk synthesis, only a few studies have evaluated the relationship between breast size and human milk composition, showing equivocal results. This study aims to test if breast size during fully established lactation is related to energy density and content of macronutrients in human milk.Materials and MethodsMothers of healthy, born‐on‐term infants at stage III of lactogenesis (N = 137) provided breast milk samples. Milk composition was analyzed using midinfrared transmission spectroscopy. The breast size index was calculated by dividing the breast by the circumference below the breast.ResultsStepwise forward linear regression showed a negative association between breast size index and lactose concentration in breast milk (β = −.242, p = .003). The final model, which includes breast size index, feeding frequency, and maternal energy intake together explained around 13% of the variance in breast milk lactose content (R2adj = .126, p < .001). No statistically significant relationship was found between breast size index and milk's energy density, protein, and fat content.ConclusionThis is the first study that shows a negative relationship between breast size during fully established lactation and lactose concentration in milk in a large sample size. No relationship between other macronutrients and breast size indicates that large breast size is not necessary for adequate milk production; however, it may contribute to an altered lactose concentration.

show abstract

Hormonal contraception during lactation

Cited by 55 publications

References 18 publications

A systematic review and meta-analysis of postpartum contraceptive use among women in low- and middle-income countries

A systematic review and meta-analysis of postpartum contraceptive use among women in low- and middle-income countries

Serum Persistent Organic Pollutants and Duration of Lactation among Mexican-American Women

Breast size in lactating women and the content of macronutrients in human milk

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About