Host Calcium Channels and Pumps in Viral Infections

Chen, Xingjuan; Cao, Ruiyuan; Zhong, Wu

doi:10.3390/cells9010094

Cited by 121 publications

(127 citation statements)

References 73 publications

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“…The nding suggested that hypocalcemia might be the early warning factor for the trend of critical illness in patients with COVID-19. A recent review about Ca 2+ and virus infection explained that during the process of virus infection, the virus uses the host cell's environment to replicate and induce host cell dysfunction by capturing the calcium signal system in the host cell [14]. Due to the hijack of Ca 2+ system of the host's cells, the virus can inhibit T-cell reactivity, anti-apoptosis, and other functions and affect the occurrence and progression of the disease.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prediction Model of Severe Coronavirus Disease 2019(COVID-19) Cases Shows the Leading Risk Factor of Hypocalcemia

Dai

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background A striking characteristic of Coronavirus Disease 2019(COVID-19) is the coexistence of clinically mild and severe cases. A comprehensive analysis of multiple risk factors predicting progression to severity is clinically meaningful. Methods The patients were classified into moderate and severe groups. The univariate regression analysis was used to identify their epidemiological and clinical features related to severity, which were used as possible risk factors and were entered into a forward-stepwise multiple logistic regression analysis to develop a multiple factor prediction model for the severe cases.Results 255 patients (mean age, 49.1±SD 14.6) were included, consisting of 184 (72.2%) moderate cases and 71 (27.8%) severe cases. The common symptoms were dry cough (78.0%), sputum (62.7%), and fever (59.2%). The less common symptoms were fatigue (29.4%), diarrhea (25.9%), and dyspnea (20.8%). The univariate regression analysis determined 23 possible risk factors. The multiple logistic regression identified seven risk factors closely related to the severity of COVID-19, including dyspnea, exposure history in Wuhan, CRP (C-reactive protein), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), calcium, lymphocytes, and age. The probability model for predicting the severe COVID-19 was P=1/1+exp (-1.78+1.02×age+1.62×high-transmission-setting-exposure +1.77×dyspnea+1.54×CRP+1.03×lymphocyte+1.03×AST+1.76×calcium). Dyspnea (OR=5.91) and hypocalcemia (OR=5.79) were the leading risk factors, followed by exposure to a high-transmission setting (OR=5.04), CRP (OR=4.67), AST (OR=2.81), decreased lymphocyte count (OR=2.80), and age (OR=2.78). Conclusions This quantitative prognosis prediction model can provide a theoretical basis for the early formulation of individualized diagnosis and treatment programs and prevention of severe diseases.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prediction Model of Severe Coronavirus Disease 2019(COVID-19) Cases Shows the Leading Risk Factor of Hypocalcemia

Dai

et al. 2020

Preprint

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“…Both Ca 2+ homeostasis and ROS production are widely proven to play important roles in defense against invading pathogens and prevent their further proliferation in cells (Flury et al, 2013; Chen et al, 2019). If these known host defense responses have been shut down by βC1, then we would expect that host resistance against the begomovirus is compromised.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Herbivore-induced activation of viral phosphatase disarms plant antiviral immunities for pathogen transmission

Zhao

Wang

Yao

et al. 2020

Preprint

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22The survival of pathogens depends on their ability to overcome host immunity, 23 especially arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) which must withstand the immune 24 responses of both the host and the arthropod vector. Successful arboviruses often modify 25 host immunity to accelerate pathogen transmission; however, few studies have explored 26 the underlying mechanism. Here we report attracted herbivore infestation on the virus-27 infected plants promote transmission by the associated vector herbivore. This herbivore-28 induced defense suppression underpins a subversive mechanism used by Begomovirus, 29 the largest genus of plant viruses, to compromise host defense for pathogen transmission. 30 Begomovirus-infected plants accumulated βC1 proteins in the phloem where they were 31 bound to host defense regulators, transcription factor WRKY20 and two mitogen-32 activated protein kinases MPK3 and MPK6. Once perceiving whitefly herbivory or 33 endogenous secreted peptide PEP1, the plants started dephosphorylation on serine 33 and 34 stimulated βC1 protein as a phosphatase. βC1 dephosphorylated MPK3/6 and WRKY20, 35 the latter negatively regulated salicylic acid signaling and vascular callose deposition. 36This viral hijacking of WRKY20 accumulated more vascular callose by which enforced 37 whitefly prolonged salivation and phloem sap ingestion, therefore impelling more virus 38 transmission among plants. We present a scenario in which viruses dynamically respond 39 to the presence of their vectors, suppressing host immunity and promoting pathogen 40 transmission only when needed. 41 42 45 begomoviruses (Weaver et al., 2018; Gnanasekaran et al., 2019). Being obligate 46 parasites, viruses usually depend for survival on being able to spread. Only if they can 47 spread from host to host rapidly in community, viruses are then important economically.48The transmission potential of pathogens is one of the most important virulence factors 49 that cause the outbreak and epidemic of diseases, such as COVID-19 caused by SARS-50 3 associated novel coronavirus 2, SARS-CoV-2 (Li et al., 2020). Arboviruses commonly 51 modify the behavior of the arthropod vector in a manner that facilitates pathogen 52 transmission (Eigenbrode et al., 2018; Weaver et al., 2018). For instance, mosquito-53 borne bunyaviruses and flaviviruses as well as thrip-borne tospoviruses promote virus 54 transmission by directly increasing vector biting rates and by interfering with the 55 ingestion process (Stafford et al., 2011; Liu et al., 2017). Furthermore, arboviruses may 56 indirectly promote transmission by 1) manipulating the immune responses of both the 57 vector and the host, 2) suppressing host immunity by vector salivary factors, 3) 58 manipulating vector behavior, and 4) encoding transmission facilitators (Vasilakis and 59 Tesh 2015; Wang et al., 2019; Wu et al. 2019; Wu and Ye, 2020). Since plants are 60 sessile, around 80% plant viruses are transmitted by insect vectors, especially whiteflies 61 and aphids that transmit more than 50% of a...

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“…One of the facilitators of cellular entry of viruses is ion channels, which are utilized during the initial stages of infection. Ion channels are cellular proteins that facilitate the movement of ions across the cell membrane into and out of the cells [ 24 ]. This movement of ions across the channels changes electrical signals across the cell membrane and, as a result, rapid changes occur, causing changes in the intensity of intracellular messengers that regulate various cellular roles.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Similarities between the effect of SARS-CoV-2 and HCV on the cellular level, and the possible role of ion channels in COVID19 progression: a review of potential targets for diagnosis and treatment

et al. 2020

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The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has prompted an urgent need to identify effective medicines for the prevention and treatment of the disease. A comparative analysis between SARS-CoV-2 and Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) can expand the available knowledge regarding the virology and potential drug targets against these viruses. Interestingly, comparing HCV with SARS-CoV-2 reveals major similarities between them, ranging from the ion channels that are utilized, to the symptoms that are exhibited by patients. Via this comparative analysis, and from what is known about HCV, the most promising treatments for COVID-19 can focus on the reduction of viral load, treatment of pulmonary system damages, and reduction of inflammation. In particular, the drugs that show most potential in this regard include ritonavir, a combination of peg-IFN, and lumacaftor-ivacaftor. This review anaylses SARS-CoV-2 from the perspective of the role of ion homeostasis and channels in viral pathomechanism. We also highlight other novel treatment approaches that can be used for both treatment and prevention of COVID-19. The relevance of this review is to offer high-quality evidence that can be used as the basis for the identification of potential solutions to the COVID-19 pandemic.

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Host Calcium Channels and Pumps in Viral Infections

Cited by 121 publications

References 73 publications

Prediction Model of Severe Coronavirus Disease 2019(COVID-19) Cases Shows the Leading Risk Factor of Hypocalcemia

Prediction Model of Severe Coronavirus Disease 2019(COVID-19) Cases Shows the Leading Risk Factor of Hypocalcemia

Herbivore-induced activation of viral phosphatase disarms plant antiviral immunities for pathogen transmission

Similarities between the effect of SARS-CoV-2 and HCV on the cellular level, and the possible role of ion channels in COVID19 progression: a review of potential targets for diagnosis and treatment

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