Host evolutionary relationships explain tree mortality caused by a generalist pest–pathogen complex

Lynch, Shannon C.; Eskalen, Akif; Gilbert, Gregory S.

doi:10.1111/eva.13182

Cited by 11 publications

(14 citation statements)

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“…This discordance between host tree phylogeny and susceptibility to the PSHB, as shown in Figures 1, 2, indicates that the trait correlation of susceptibility of different tree species to the PSHB are the results of convergent evolution and not of a common descent. However, Lynch et al (2020) recently demonstrated a strong phylogenetic signal in the relative effects of PSHB and KSHB and their associated fungal symbionts on tree host species in California and South Africa, demonstrating that the severity of multi-host pest impacts in plants can be predicted by host evolutionary relationships. Patterns in the signal indicate that there are several ways to be susceptible, but susceptibility clusters within phylogenetic groups and this clumping becomes more restricted with more impactful interactions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

What Determines Host Range and Reproductive Performance of an Invasive Ambrosia Beetle Euwallacea fornicatus; Lessons From Israel and California

Mendel

Lynch

Eskalen

et al. 2021

Front. For. Glob. Change

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This study examined the polyphagous shot hole borer (PSHB) Euwallacea fornicatus (Coleoptera; Scolytinae) native to Southeast Asia and concentrated on its wide host range in two of the invaded areas, California and Israel. Among the 583 examined tree species, 55.9% were characterized as “non-reproductive hosts” and only 13.8% were characterized as “reproductive hosts,” suitable for the E. fornicatus reproduction. Families that included ≥20 species and genera with ≥10 were considered for further analysis. The highest percentage of tree species suitable for reproduction was obtained for Salicaceae and Sapindaceae, whereas the lowest percentage of tree species belonging to this category were within the Rosaceae, Myrtaceae, and Magnoliaceae. The genera Acer, Quercus and Acacia displayed the highest percentage within the “reproductive host” category, with the former significantly higher from all seven of the studied genera. We found that all Brachychiton and Erythrina were attacked and none of the examined 20 Eucalyptus spp. were suitable for E. fornicatus reproduction. The results suggest discordance between host tree phylogeny and susceptibility to the E. fornicatus, indicating that trait correlation of susceptibility of different tree species to the E. fornicatus are the results of convergent evolution and not of a common descent. A theoretical model, suggesting the different possibilities of potential tree species becoming attractive or non-attractive to E. fornicatus attack, is described. It is suggested that the beetle reproduction success rate over a wide host range, as well as the long list of species belonging to the “non-reproductive host” category, is the outcome of interactions between the beetle fungal symbiont, F. euwallaceae, and sapwood of the attacked tree. The model suggests that a tree selected by the E. fornicatus may fall in one of three groups, (i) those in which F. euwallaceae is unable to develop, (ii) those tree species that slow the development of the fungus, and (iii) those that enable F. euwallaceae to thrive. Hence, the host range suitable for beetle reproduction is determined by development of F. euwallaceae. In general, PSHB does not distinguish between host species of the “non-reproductive host” and “reproductive host” categories.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

What Determines Host Range and Reproductive Performance of an Invasive Ambrosia Beetle Euwallacea fornicatus; Lessons From Israel and California

Mendel

Lynch

Eskalen

et al. 2021

Front. For. Glob. Change

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“…While pest attributes are probably important in aligning pests along the specialism-generalism spectrum, for example, viruses are frequently among those with the narrowest host range [16], most pests tend to demonstrate strong phylogenetic conservatism in the hosts they use (e.g. [12,17,18]).…”

Section: Phylogenetic Conservatism In Pest-host Associationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While there is relatively strong evidence that many pest host ranges are phylogenetically circumscribed (e.g. [12,17,44]), it is less well-established whether the impacts pests have on hosts are similarly structured. Many plant traits involved in pest defence, susceptibility, or apparency (e.g.…”

Section: Phylogenetic Constraints On Pest Impactsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards a phylogenetic ecology of plant pests and pathogens

Gougherty

Davies

2021

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

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Plant–pathogens and insect pests, hereafter pests, play an important role in structuring ecological communities, yet both native and introduced pests impose significant pressure on wild and managed systems, and pose a threat to food security. Global changes in climate and land use, and transportation of plants and pests around the globe are likely to further increase the range, frequency and severity of pest outbreaks in the future. Thus, there is a critical need to expand on current ecological theory to address these challenges. Here, we outline a phylogenetic framework for the study of plant and pest interactions. In plants, a growing body of work has suggested that evolutionary relatedness, phylogeny, strongly structures plant-pest associations—from pest host breadths and impacts, to their establishment and spread in new regions. Understanding the phylogenetic dimensions of plant-pest associations will help to inform models of invasive species spread, disease and pest risk in crops, and emerging pest outbreaks in native plant communities—which will have important implications for protecting food security and biodiversity into the future. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Infectious disease macroecology: parasite diversity and dynamics across the globe’.

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“…PSHB is known to have a particularly broad host range, in which both the fungus and beetle are able to establish. [36][37][38] This increases the chances of a suitable host being encountered, thus increasing the chances of successful establishment. To obtain the PSHB host range for South Africa, observations made by researchers during field investigations and reports made by the public to the Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, and Stellenbosch University were collated.…”

Section: Host Rangementioning

confidence: 99%

“…This wide fungal host range ensures availability of suitable hosts near the introduction point. When beetle populations are very high, the insects appear to assess newly encountered hosts almost indiscriminately for fungal establishment 13,38 , explaining the high numbers of non-reproductive hosts. Such 'attacks' may also lead to severe decline in tree health due to Fusarium wilt 13 .…”

Section: Host Rangementioning

confidence: 99%

The polyphagous shot hole borer beetle: Current status of a perfect invader in South Africa

et al. 2021

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The polyphagous shot hole borer (PSHB) beetle is a recent invader in South Africa. Together with its fungal symbiont, Fusarium euwallaceae, it can rapidly kill highly susceptible host plants. Its impact is most profound in urban areas, but it has also been found infesting important forestry, agricultural crop and native species. Since its first detection in 2012, PSHB has spread to all but one province in the country. The beetle–fungus complex has several biological traits that enhance its anthropogenically mediated dispersal, establishment and survival in novel environments – factors that have likely facilitated its rapid spread across the country. We review the history of the PSHB invasion in South Africa, its taxonomic status and the reasons for its rapid spread. We highlight its potential impact and challenges for its management. Finally, we provide an updated distribution map and list of confirmed host plants in South Africa. Of the 130 plant species identified as hosts, 48 of these (19 indigenous and 29 introduced) are reproductive hosts able to maintain breeding PSHB populations. These reproductive hosts may succumb to beetle infestations and act as ‘pest-amplifiers’. The economic impact on urban forests, plantation forestry and agricultural crops may be severe, but the ecological impact of PSHB invasion in native ecosystems should not be underestimated.

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Host evolutionary relationships explain tree mortality caused by a generalist pest–pathogen complex

Abstract: Accidental introductions of plant pests (e.g., fungi, bacteria, viruses, animals, plants) into areas outside their place of origin have resulted in novel species interactions that pose ecological and economic threats to agricultural, urban and wildland landscapes (Donatelli

Cited by 11 publications

References 102 publications

What Determines Host Range and Reproductive Performance of an Invasive Ambrosia Beetle Euwallacea fornicatus; Lessons From Israel and California

What Determines Host Range and Reproductive Performance of an Invasive Ambrosia Beetle Euwallacea fornicatus; Lessons From Israel and California

Towards a phylogenetic ecology of plant pests and pathogens

The polyphagous shot hole borer beetle: Current status of a perfect invader in South Africa

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