HOST FINDING BY APHIDS IN THE FIELD: <i>APHIS FABAE</i> SCOP. (GYNOPARAE) AND <i>BREVICORYNE BRASSICAE</i> L.; WITH A RE‐APPRAISAL OF THE ROLE OF HOST‐FINDING BEHAVIOUR IN VIRUS SPREAD

Kennedy, J. S.; Booth, C.; Kershaw, W. J. S.

doi:10.1111/j.1744-7348.1959.tb07277.x

Cited by 115 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…The increase in cereal aphid numbers per tiller on oats caused by mixed cropping was reported and discussed elsewhere, as well as the slower development of the incidence to mean ratio of R. padi in the mixtures (Helenius 1989 (1983) concluded that dense monocrops are likely to be less severely damaged than sparse monocrops, but that undersowing or intercropping could bring about a reduction in incidence and virus spread. Taking the dispersive host-finding behaviour of colonizers into account (Kennedy et al 1959), these results support the hypothesis, presented elsewhere in the case of R. padi (Helenius 1989), that intercropping interferes with secondary dispersal after alighting on the crop, primarily via the increased distance between individual host plants. This mechanism would have the greatest effect in replacement intercrops, where the host density is well below the normal density used in monocrops.…”

Section: Pest Incidencesupporting

confidence: 89%

Yield, its components and pest incidence in mixed intercropping of oats (Avena sativa) and field beans (Vicia faba)

Helenius

Rönni

1989

AFSci

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Abstract. Seed yields, yield components, pest incidence and damage were examined in two field experiments of mixed intercropping of oats (A vena saliva) with field beans (Vida faba) in Southern Finland in 1984.The stand types were monocrops and replacement series of mixtures with 2/3 and 1/3 or 1/3 and 2/3 of oats and beans, respectively, on plots treated or not treated with insecticide.In the first season when the overall performance of the crops was poor and the numbers of the main pest Rhopalosiphum padi (Horn., Aphididae) on oats low, the Land Equivalent Ratio (LER) index indicated an intercropping advantage in the bean yield and a disadvantage in the oat yield, the insecticide treatment having no effect on the overall nor on the relative performance of the component crops. The site used during the second season was of high fertility, thus favouring oats over beans. The LERs indicated no advantage or disadvantage in mixed cropping for either oats or beans when R. padi was not controlled. Spraying against R. padi improved the performance of oats, the mixture with 1/3 oats showing an advantage over the monocrop. Simultaneously, there were signs (p = 0.08) of a reduction in the relative performance of the beans. The indicative results support the hypothesis of interspecific dynamics in compensatory yielding as an element of improved reliability in intercropping.The yield components most sensitive to the change in cropping pattern were the number of panicles per plant in oats and the seed weight in beans, both increasing in the mixtures. Compared to known responses to stand density in monocrops, the beans responded to the mixed cropping in a more specific way than the oats.Mixed cropping increased the numbers of aphids in oats. There were signs of a reduced incidence, but not of a reduced average colony size, of Aphis fabae, and of a reduced rate of notching by Silona spp. weevils on beans in mixed cropping. The results for damage by the frit fly (Oscinella frit) were inconclusive.

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Section: Pest Incidencesupporting

confidence: 89%

Yield, its components and pest incidence in mixed intercropping of oats (Avena sativa) and field beans (Vicia faba)

Helenius

Rönni

1989

AFSci

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“…Gynoparae could therefore be considered as exhibiting a true migratory (Kennedy, 1985) flight followed by a disinhibition (or recurrence) of targeted flight. These findings indicate that alighting field-gynoparae of A.fabae, observed by Kennedy et al (1959b), had undergone a migratory flight. However, the majority of alighters were still not ready to settle even on a suitable winter host plant.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 83%

The visual responses of free‐flying summer and autumn forms of the black bean aphid, Aphis fabae, in an automated flight chamber

David

Hardie

1988

Physiological Entomology

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Summer (virginoparae) and autumn (gynoparae) winged forms of Aphisfabae were flown in an automated flight chamber for up to 100 min, while being exposed to a small green target at their own level for 5 s of eac,h minute. Virginoparae climbed more slowly than gynoparae and responded to the target by turning towards it throughout experimental flights. Gynoparae, on the other hand, were almost completely unresponsive to the target, although some individuals began to respond after an hour or more of flight. The differences between the two migratory forms are discussed with reference to previous work on aphid flight behaviour in the field and the laboratory.

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“…Similar Phenology and bionomics of cowpea aphid studies with other aphid species on different crop plants have also been reported (Kennedy et al, 1959(Kennedy et al, ,1961Turl, 1980;Dixon, 1985Dixon, ,1990Deguine et al, 1994;Bommarco and Ekbom, 1995). However, studies of dispersion of A. craccivora on cowpeas, and the resulting effects on crop performance have not been well-studied, although understanding such aspects of aphid-crop interactions is crucial for predicting cowpea aphid infestations, the potential impact on crop production and thus, the timely institution of effective pest management programmes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pattern and rate of within-field dispersal and bionomics of the cowpea aphid, Aphis craccivora (Aphididae), on selected cowpea cultivars

Annan

Schaefers

Tingey

et al. 1999

Int. J. Trop. Insect Sci.

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Abstract-Comparative field studies were conducted during the rainy and dry seasons at the Mbita Point Field Station of ICIPE in southwestern Kenya, to investigate the pattern and rate of dispersal of Aphis craccivora on aphid-resistant (ICV-12) and aphid-susceptible (ICV-1) cowpea cultivars in relation to key weather factors. The effects of the dispersal trends on crop performance and aphid population dynamics were analysed. Treatments consisted of initial aphid releases at the north, south, west, east and centre of test plots and uninfested controls maintained on plants for 22 days. Parameters recorded included: pattern (direction of spread of aphids) and rate (number of aphidinfested plants at a given time) in test plots; crop growth and yields and associated factors such as incidence of sooty mould and plant mortality, and aphid density and associated factors, including the incidence of natural enemy species, particularly coccinellids. Dispersal was fastest when releases were made in the west, north and centre of plots, and resulted in adverse effects on ICV-1 growth and yields. Infestations of ICV-12 did not significantly affect crop performance. There was an apparent direct, positive relationship between wind direction and pattern of spread of aphid infestations, but this pattern was more apparent during the rainy season, when wind speeds were higher, than during the dry season. The incidence of natural enemy species correlated with the spread of aphid infestations, while the abundance of coccinellids correlated with aphid density.Key Words: Aphis craccivora, wind direction, within-field dispersal, phenology, cowpea, Vigna unguicidata, aphid natural enemies, bionomics, KenyaResume-Des essais comparatifs en champs on ete conduits en saison seche et en saison pluvieuse a la Station Experimentale de 1' ICIPE, a Mbita-Point (Sud-Ouest du Kenya). Ceux-ci avaient pour objet d'etudier, en fonction des facteurs climatiques principaux, le mode de repartition et les taux de dispersion du puceron Aphis craccivora chez cultivars de niebe, dont le premier (ICV-12) resistant et le second (ICV-1) sensible. Les effets du mode de dispersion sur la performance de la culture et la dynamique de populations du puceron etaient analyses. Les traitements consistaient en lachers initiaux de pucerons dans les points cardinaux (nord, sud, ouest, est, centre) des parcelles Les parametres etudies etaient la direction de dispersion du puceron et le taux d'infestation des plantes, a l'interieur des parcelles sous essais et a un temps donne; la croissance des plantes et les rendements. En plus de ces parametres, etaient etudies des facteurs associes comme 1' incidence de miellat et la deperissement de la plante; la densite du puceron et les facteurs associes dont: l'incidence des ennemis naturels et plus particulierement les coccinelles. La dispersion des pucerons etait plus rapide quand les lachers etaient effectues dans les parties ouest, nord ou centre des parcelles. De tels lachers avaient des effets nefastes sur la croissance et les ...

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HOST FINDING BY APHIDS IN THE FIELD: APHIS FABAE SCOP. (GYNOPARAE) AND BREVICORYNE BRASSICAE L.; WITH A RE‐APPRAISAL OF THE ROLE OF HOST‐FINDING BEHAVIOUR IN VIRUS SPREAD

Cited by 115 publications

References 30 publications

Yield, its components and pest incidence in mixed intercropping of oats (Avena sativa) and field beans (Vicia faba)

Yield, its components and pest incidence in mixed intercropping of oats (Avena sativa) and field beans (Vicia faba)

The visual responses of free‐flying summer and autumn forms of the black bean aphid, Aphis fabae, in an automated flight chamber

Pattern and rate of within-field dispersal and bionomics of the cowpea aphid, Aphis craccivora (Aphididae), on selected cowpea cultivars

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